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概述
《西敏斯特大教理及小教理问答》 (1647-1648)
为了让孩童和初信主的信徒有效地学习真道,西敏斯特议会于1647年按《西敏斯特信仰宣言》编写了《西敏斯特小教理问答》。这107条的问与答,简短易读,字句显浅,每个问题多以一句句子来回答,是神学入门的必备,广受当时人士的喜爱。虽然对于孩童来说,内容略嫌深奥,须要再加解释,但这问答连同《海德堡教理问答》和路德的《小教理问答》,仍是基督教最常用的教理问答。
另外,议会于1648年又依据《西敏斯特信仰宣言》写成《西敏斯特大教理问答》(《西敏斯特大要理问答》,《韦斯敏斯德大要理问答》),作为教牧讲道时的参考。这196条的问与答较《西敏斯特小教理问答》详尽,根据圣经的原则处理伦理问题,但因在律法上的解释过于教条化,用字又不够通俗,故不太受当时的人欢迎。
《西敏斯特大教理问答》和《西敏斯特小教理问答》都包括以下两个部分:
1.主题是『我们当信甚么』,内容包括神的属性、神的创造及救赎;
2.主题是『我们当作甚么』,内容包括十诫、如何得救,信徒如何藉神的话语、圣礼和祷告成长。
(摘自《新译本圣经研读版》辅读文章)
见改革宗信仰宣言,缩写WSC 英文Westminster Shorter Catechism 西敏斯特小要理问答多版本对照 中文经常翻译成西敏斯特小要理问答、韦斯敏斯德小要理问答、西敏小要理、小问答等。中文有赵中辉版,王志勇(雷默)版等。
英文正统长老会版OPC[1]
Larger Catechism
Q. 1. What is the chief and highest end of man?
A. Man's chief and highest end is to glorify God, and fully to enjoy him forever.
Q. 2. How doth it appear that there is a God?
A. The very light of nature in man, and the works of God, declare plainly that there is a God; but his word and Spirit only do sufficiently and effectually reveal him unto men for their salvation.
Q. 3. What is the Word of God?
A. The holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testament are the Word of God, the only rule of faith and obedience.
Q. 4. How doth it appear that the Scriptures are the Word of God?
A. The Scriptures manifest themselves to be the Word of God, by their majesty and purity; by the consent of all the parts, and the scope of the whole, which is to give all glory to God; by their light and power to convince and convert sinners, to comfort and build up believers unto salvation: but the Spirit of God bearing witness by and with the Scriptures in the heart of man, is alone able fully to persuade it that they are the very Word of God.
Q. 5. What do the Scriptures principally teach?
A. The Scriptures principally teach what man is to believe concerning God, and what duty God requires of man.
WHAT MAN OUGHT TO BELIEVE CONCERNING GOD
Q. 6. What do the Scriptures make known of God?
A. The Scriptures make known what God is, the persons in the Godhead, his decrees, and the execution of his decrees.
Q. 7. What is God?
A. God is a Spirit, in and of himself infinite in being, glory, blessedness, and perfection; all-sufficient, eternal, unchangeable, incomprehensible, everywhere present, almighty, knowing all things, most wise, most holy, most just, most merciful and gracious, longsuffering, and abundant in goodness and truth.
Q. 8. Are there more Gods than one?
A. There is but one only, the living and true God.
Q. 9. How many persons are there in the Godhead?
A. There be three persons in the Godhead, the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost; and these three are one true, eternal God, the same in substance, equal in power and glory; although distinguished by their personal properties.
Q. 10. What are the personal properties of the three persons in the Godhead?
A. It is proper to the Father to beget the Son, and to the Son to be begotten of the Father, and to the Holy Ghost to proceed from the Father and the Son from all eternity.
Q. 11. How doth it appear that the Son and the Holy Ghost are God equal with the Father?
A. The Scriptures manifest that the Son and the Holy Ghost are God equal with the Father, ascribing unto them such names, attributes, works, and worship, as are proper to God only.
Q. 12. What are the decrees of God?
A. God's decrees are the wise, free, and holy acts of the counsel of his will, whereby, from all eternity, he hath, for his own glory, unchangeably foreordained whatsoever comes to pass in time, especially concerning angels and men.
Q. 13. What hath God especially decreed concerning angels and men?
A. God, by an eternal and immutable decree, out of his mere love, for the praise of his glorious grace, to be manifested in due time, hath elected some angels to glory; and in Christ hath chosen some men to eternal life, and the means thereof: and also, according to his sovereign power, and the unsearchable counsel of his own will (whereby he extendeth or withholdeth favor as he pleaseth), hath passed by and foreordained the rest to dishonor and wrath, to be for their sin inflicted, to the praise of the glory of his justice.
Q. 14. How doth God execute his decrees?
A. God executeth his decrees in the works of creation and providence, according to his infallible foreknowledge, and the free and immutable counsel of his own will.
Q. 15. What is the work of creation?
A. The work of creation is that wherein God did in the beginning, by the word of his power, make of nothing the world, and all things therein, for himself, within the space of six days, and all very good.
Q. 16. How did God create angels?
A. God created all the angels spirits, immortal, holy, excelling in knowledge, mighty in power, to execute his commandments, and to praise his name, yet subject to change.
Q. 17. How did God create man?
A. After God had made all other creatures, he created man male and female; formed the body of the man of the dust of the ground, and the woman of the rib of the man, endued them with living, reasonable, and immortal souls; made them after his own image, in knowledge, righteousness, and holiness; having the law of God written in their hearts, and power to fulfill it, and dominion over the creatures; yet subject to fall.
Q. 18. What are God's works of providence?
A. God's works of providence are his most holy, wise, and powerful preserving and governing all his creatures; ordering them, and all their actions, to his own glory.
Q. 19. What is God's providence towards the angels?
A. God by his providence permitted some of the angels, willfully and irrecoverably, to fall into sin and damnation, limiting and ordering that, and all their sins, to his own glory; and established the rest in holiness and happiness; employing them all, at his pleasure, in the administrations of his power, mercy, and justice.
Q. 20. What was the providence of God toward man in the estate in which he was created?
A. The providence of God toward man in the estate in which he was created, was the placing him in paradise, appointing him to dress it, giving him liberty to eat of the fruit of the earth; putting the creatures under his dominion, and ordaining marriage for his help; affording him communion with himself; instituting the Sabbath; entering into a covenant of life with him, upon condition of personal, perfect, and perpetual obedience, of which the tree of life was a pledge; and forbidding to eat of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, upon the pain of death.
Q. 21. Did man continue in that estate wherein God at first created him?
A. Our first parents being left to the freedom of their own will, through the temptation of Satan, transgressed the commandment of God in eating the forbidden fruit; and thereby fell from the estate of innocency wherein they were created.
Q. 22. Did all mankind fall in that first transgression?
A. The covenant being made with Adam as a public person, not for himself only, but for his posterity, all mankind descending from him by ordinary generation, sinned in him, and fell with him in that first transgression.
Q. 23. Into what estate did the fall bring mankind?
A. The fall brought mankind into an estate of sin and misery.
Q. 24. What is sin?
A. Sin is any want of conformity unto, or transgression of, any law of God, given as a rule to the reasonable creature.
Q. 25. Wherein consisteth the sinfulness of that estate whereinto man fell?
A. The sinfulness of that estate whereinto man fell, consisteth in the guilt of Adam's first sin, the want of that righteousness wherein he was created, and the corruption of his nature, whereby he is utterly indisposed, disabled, and made opposite unto all that is spiritually good, and wholly inclined to all evil, and that continually; which is commonly called original sin, and from which do proceed all actual transgressions.
Q. 26. How is original sin conveyed from our first parents unto their posterity?
A. Original sin is conveyed from our first parents unto their posterity by natural generation, so as all that proceed from them in that way are conceived and born in sin.
Q. 27. What misery did the fall bring upon mankind?
A. The fall brought upon mankind the loss of communion with God, his displeasure and curse; so as we are by nature children of wrath, bond slaves to Satan, and justly liable to all punishments in this world, and that which is to come.
Q. 28. What are the punishments of sin in this world?
A. The punishments of sin in this world are either inward, as blindness of mind, a reprobate sense, strong delusions, hardness of heart, horror of conscience, and vile affections; or outward, as the curse of God upon the creatures for our sakes, and all other evils that befall us in our bodies, names, estates, relations, and employments; together with death itself.
Q. 29. What are the punishments of sin in the world to come?
A. The punishments of sin in the world to come, are everlasting separation from the comfortable presence of God, and most grievous torments in soul and body, without intermission, in hell-fire forever.
Q. 30. Doth God leave all mankind to perish in the estate of sin and misery?
A. God doth not leave all men to perish in the estate of sin and misery, into which they fell by the breach of the first covenant, commonly called the covenant of works; but of his mere love and mercy delivereth his elect out of it, and bringeth them into an estate of salvation by the second covenant, commonly called the covenant of grace.
Q. 31. With whom was the covenant of grace made?
A. The covenant of grace was made with Christ as the second Adam, and in him with all the elect as his seed.
Q. 32. How is the grace of God manifested in the second covenant?
A. The grace of God is manifested in the second covenant, in that he freely provideth and offereth to sinners a mediator, and life and salvation by him; and requiring faith as the condition to interest them in him, promiseth and giveth his Holy Spirit to all his elect, to work in them that faith, with all other saving graces; and to enable them unto all holy obedience, as the evidence of the truth of their faith and thankfulness to God, and as the way which he hath appointed them to salvation.
Q. 33. Was the covenant of grace always administered after one and the same manner?
A. The covenant of grace was not always administered after the same manner, but the administrations of it under the Old Testament were different from those under the New.
Q. 34. How was the covenant of grace administered under the Old Testament?
A. The covenant of grace was administered under the Old Testament, by promises, prophecies, sacrifices, circumcision, the passover, and other types and ordinances, which did all foresignify Christ then to come, and were for that time sufficient to build up the elect in faith in the promised messiah, by whom they then had full remission of sin, and eternal salvation.
Q. 35. How is the covenant of grace administered under the New Testament?
A. Under the New Testament, when Christ the substance was exhibited, the same covenant of grace was and still is to be administered in the preaching of the word, and the administration of the sacraments of baptism and the Lord's supper; in which grace and salvation are held forth in more fullness, evidence, and efficacy, to all nations.
Q. 36. Who is the mediator of the covenant of grace?
A. The only mediator of the covenant of grace is the Lord Jesus Christ, who, being the eternal Son of God, of one substance and equal with the Father, in the fullness of time became man, and so was and continues to be God and man, in two entire distinct natures, and one person, forever.
Q. 37. How did Christ, being the Son of God, become man?
A. Christ the Son of God became man, by taking to himself a true body, and a reasonable soul, being conceived by the power of the Holy Ghost in the womb of the virgin Mary, of her substance, and born of her, yet without sin.
Q. 38. Why was it requisite that the mediator should be God?
A. It was requisite that the mediator should be God, that he might sustain and keep the human nature from sinking under the infinite wrath of God, and the power of death; give worth and efficacy to his sufferings, obedience, and intercession; and to satisfy God's justice, procure his favor, purchase a peculiar people, give his Spirit to them, conquer all their enemies, and bring them to everlasting salvation.
Q. 39. Why was it requisite that the mediator should be man?
A. It was requisite that the mediator should be man, that he might advance our nature, perform obedience to the law, suffer and make intercession for us in our nature, have a fellow-feeling of our infirmities; that we might receive the adoption of sons, and have comfort and access with boldness unto the throne of grace.
Q. 40. Why was it requisite that the mediator should be God and man in one person?
A. It was requisite that the mediator, who was to reconcile God and man, should himself be both God and man, and this in one person, that the proper works of each nature might be accepted of God for us, and relied on by us, as the works of the whole person.
Q. 41. Why was our mediator called Jesus?
A. Our mediator was called Jesus, because he saveth his people from their sins.
Q. 42. Why was our mediator called Christ?
A. Our mediator was called Christ, because he was anointed with the Holy Ghost above measure; and so set apart, and fully furnished with all authority and ability, to execute the offices of prophet, priest, and king of his church, in the estate both of his humiliation and exaltation.
Q. 43. How doth Christ execute the office of a prophet?
A. Christ executeth the office of a prophet, in his revealing to the church, in all ages, by his Spirit and word, in divers ways of administration, the whole will of God, in all things concerning their edification and salvation.
Q. 44. How doth Christ execute the office of a priest?
A. Christ executeth the office of a priest, in his once offering himself a sacrifice without spot to God, to be a reconciliation for the sins of the people; and in making continual intercession for them.
Q. 45. How doth Christ execute the office of a king?
A. Christ executeth the office of a king, in calling out of the world a people to himself, and giving them officers, laws, and censures, by which he visibly governs them; in bestowing saving grace upon his elect, rewarding their obedience, and correcting them for their sins, preserving and supporting them under all their temptations and sufferings, restraining and overcoming all their enemies, and powerfully ordering all things for his own glory, and their good; and also in taking vengeance on the rest, who know not God, and obey not the gospel.
Q. 46. What was the estate of Christ's humiliation?
A. The estate of Christ's humiliation was that low condition, wherein he for our sakes, emptying himself of his glory, took upon him the form of a servant, in his conception and birth, life, death, and after his death, until his resurrection.
Q. 47. How did Christ humble himself in his conception and birth?
A. Christ humbled himself in his conception and birth, in that, being from all eternity the Son of God, in the bosom of the Father, he was pleased in the fullness of time to become the son of man, made of a woman of low estate, and to be born of her; with divers circumstances of more than ordinary abasement.
Q. 48. How did Christ humble himself in his life?
A. Christ humbled himself in his life, by subjecting himself to the law, which he perfectly fulfilled; and by conflicting with the indignities of the world, temptations of Satan, and infirmities in his flesh, whether common to the nature of man, or particularly accompanying that his low condition.
Q. 49. How did Christ humble himself in his death?
A. Christ humbled himself in his death, in that having been betrayed by Judas, forsaken by his disciples, scorned and rejected by the world, condemned by Pilate, and tormented by his persecutors; having also conflicted with the terrors of death, and the powers of darkness, felt and borne the weight of God's wrath, he laid down his life an offering for sin, enduring the painful, shameful, and cursed death of the cross.
Q. 50. Wherein consisted Christ's humiliation after his death?
A. Christ's humiliation after his death consisted in his being buried, and continuing in the state of the dead, and under the power of death till the third day; which hath been otherwise expressed in these words, He descended into hell.
Q. 51. What was the estate of Christ's exaltation?
A. The estate of Christ's exaltation comprehendeth his resurrection, ascension, sitting at the right hand of the Father, and his coming again to judge the world.
Q. 52. How was Christ exalted in his resurrection?
A. Christ was exalted in his resurrection, in that, not having seen corruption in death (of which it was not possible for him to be held), and having the very same body in which he suffered, with the essential properties thereof (but without mortality, and other common infirmities belonging to this life), really united to his soul, he rose again from the dead the third day by his own power; whereby he declared himself to be the Son of God, to have satisfied divine justice, to have vanquished death, and him that had power of it, and to be Lord of quick and dead: all which he did as a public person, the head of his church, for the justification, quickening in grace, support against enemies, and to assure them of their resurrection from the dead at the last day.
Q. 53. How was Christ exalted in his ascension?
A. Christ was exalted in his ascension, in that having after his resurrection often appeared unto and conversed with his apostles, speaking to them of the things pertaining to the kingdom of God, and giving them commission to preach the gospel to all nations, forty days after his resurrection, he, in our nature, and as our head, triumphing over enemies, visibly went up into the highest heavens, there to receive gifts for men, to raise up our affections thither, and to prepare a place for us, where himself is, and shall continue till his second coming at the end of the world.
Q. 54. How is Christ exalted in his sitting at the right hand of God?
A. Christ is exalted in his sitting at the right hand of God, in that as God-man he is advanced to the highest favor with God the Father, with all fullness of joy, glory, and power over all things in heaven and earth; and doth gather and defend his church, and subdue their enemies; furnisheth his ministers and people with gifts and graces, and maketh intercession for them.
Q. 55. How doth Christ make intercession?
A. Christ maketh intercession, by his appearing in our nature continually before the Father in heaven, in the merit of his obedience and sacrifice on earth, declaring his will to have it applied to all believers; answering all accusations against them, and procuring for them quiet of conscience, notwithstanding daily failings, access with boldness to the throne of grace, and acceptance of their persons and services.
Q. 56. How is Christ to be exalted in his coming again to judge the world?
A. Christ is to be exalted in his coming again to judge the world, in that he, who was unjustly judged and condemned by wicked men, shall come again at the last day in great power, and in the full manifestation of his own glory, and of his Father's, with all his holy angels, with a shout, with the voice of the archangel, and with the trumpet of God, to judge the world in righteousness.
Q. 57. What benefits hath Christ procured by his mediation?
A. Christ, by his mediation, hath procured redemption, with all other benefits of the covenant of grace.
Q. 58. How do we come to be made partakers of the benefits which Christ hath procured?
A. We are made partakers of the benefits which Christ hath procured, by the application of them unto us, which is the work especially of God the Holy Ghost.
Q. 59. Who are made partakers of redemption through Christ?
A. Redemption is certainly applied, and effectually communicated, to all those for whom Christ hath purchased it; who are in time by the Holy Ghost enabled to believe in Christ according to the gospel.
Q. 60. Can they who have never heard the gospel, and so know not Jesus Christ, nor believe in him, be saved by their living according to the light of nature?
A. They who, having never heard the gospel, know not Jesus Christ, and believe not in him, cannot be saved, be they never so diligent to frame their lives according to the light of nature, or the laws of that religion which they profess; neither is there salvation in any other, but in Christ alone, who is the Savior only of his body the church.
Q. 61. Are all they saved who hear the gospel, and live in the church?
A. All that hear the gospel, and live in the visible church, are not saved; but they only who are true members of the church invisible.
Q. 62. What is the visible church?
A. The visible church is a society made up of all such as in all ages and places of the world do profess the true religion, and of their children.
Q. 63. What are the special privileges of the visible church?
A. The visible church hath the privilege of being under God's special care and government; of being protected and preserved in all ages, notwithstanding the opposition of all enemies; and of enjoying the communion of saints, the ordinary means of salvation, and offers of grace by Christ to all the members of it in the ministry of the gospel, testifying, that whosoever believes in him shall be saved, and excluding none that will come unto him.
Q. 64. What is the invisible church?
A. The invisible church is the whole number of the elect, that have been, are, or shall be gathered into one under Christ the head.
Q. 65. What special benefits do the members of the invisible church enjoy by Christ?
A. The members of the invisible church by Christ enjoy union and communion with him in grace and glory.
Q. 66. What is that union which the elect have with Christ?
A. The union which the elect have with Christ is the work of God's grace, whereby they are spiritually and mystically, yet really and inseparably, joined to Christ as their head and husband; which is done in their effectual calling.
Q. 67. What is effectual calling?
A. Effectual calling is the work of God's almighty power and grace, whereby (out of his free and special love to his elect, and from nothing in them moving him thereunto) he doth, in his accepted time, invite and draw them to Jesus Christ, by his word and Spirit; savingly enlightening their minds, renewing and powerfully determining their wills, so as they (although in themselves dead in sin) are hereby made willing and able freely to answer his call, and to accept and embrace the grace offered and conveyed therein.
Q. 68. Are the elect only effectually called?
A. All the elect, and they only, are effectually called; although others may be, and often are, outwardly called by the ministry of the word, and have some common operations of the Spirit; who, for their willful neglect and contempt of the grace offered to them, being justly left in their unbelief, do never truly come to Jesus Christ.
Q. 69. What is the communion in grace which the members of the invisible church have with Christ?
A. The communion in grace which the members of the invisible church have with Christ, is their partaking of the virtue of his mediation, in their justification, adoption, sanctification, and whatever else, in this life, manifests their union with him.
Q. 70. What is justification?
A. Justification is an act of God's free grace unto sinners, in which he pardoneth all their sins, accepteth and accounteth their persons righteous in his sight; not for anything wrought in them, or done by them, but only for the perfect obedience and full satisfaction of Christ, by God imputed to them, and received by faith alone.
Q. 71. How is justification an act of God's free grace?
A. Although Christ, by his obedience and death, did make a proper, real, and full satisfaction to God's justice in the behalf of them that are justified; yet inasmuch as God accepteth the satisfaction from a surety, which he might have demanded of them, and did provide this surety, his own only Son, imputing his righteousness to them, and requiring nothing of them for their justification but faith, which also is his gift, their justification is to them of free grace.
Q. 72. What is justifying faith?
A. Justifying faith is a saving grace, wrought in the heart of a sinner by the Spirit and Word of God, whereby he, being convinced of his sin and misery, and of the disability in himself and all other creatures to recover him out of his lost condition, not only assenteth to the truth of the promise of the gospel, but receiveth and resteth upon Christ and his righteousness, therein held forth, for pardon of sin, and for the accepting and accounting of his person righteous in the sight of God for salvation.
Q. 73. How doth faith justify a sinner in the sight of God?
A. Faith justifies a sinner in the sight of God, not because of those other graces which do always accompany it, or of good works that are the fruits of it, nor as if the grace of faith, or any act thereof, were imputed to him for his justification; but only as it is an instrument by which he receiveth and applieth Christ and his righteousness.
Q. 74. What is adoption?
A. Adoption is an act of the free grace of God, in and for his only Son Jesus Christ, whereby all those that are justified are received into the number of his children, have his name put upon them, the Spirit of his Son given to them, are under his fatherly care and dispensations, admitted to all the liberties and privileges of the sons of God, made heirs of all the promises, and fellow-heirs with Christ in glory.
Q. 75. What is sanctification?
A. Sanctification is a work of God's grace, whereby they whom God hath, before the foundation of the world, chosen to be holy, are in time, through the powerful operation of his Spirit applying the death and resurrection of Christ unto them, renewed in their whole man after the image of God; having the seeds of repentance unto life, and all other saving graces, put into their hearts, and those graces so stirred up, increased, and strengthened, as that they more and more die unto sin, and rise unto newness of life.
Q. 76. What is repentance unto life?
A. Repentance unto life is a saving grace, wrought in the heart of a sinner by the Spirit and Word of God, whereby, out of the sight and sense, not only of the danger, but also of the filthiness and odiousness of his sins, and upon the apprehension of God's mercy in Christ to such as are penitent, he so grieves for and hates his sins, as that he turns from them all to God, purposing and endeavoring constantly to walk with him in all the ways of new obedience.
Q. 77. Wherein do justification and sanctification differ?
A. Although sanctification be inseparably joined with justification, yet they differ, in that God in justification imputeth the righteousness of Christ; in sanctification his Spirit infuseth grace, and enableth to the exercise thereof; in the former, sin is pardoned; in the other, it is subdued: the one doth equally free all believers from the revenging wrath of God, and that perfectly in this life, that they never fall into condemnation; the other is neither equal in all, nor in this life perfect in any, but growing up to perfection.
Q. 78. Whence ariseth the imperfection of sanctification in believers?
A. The imperfection of sanctification in believers ariseth from the remnants of sin abiding in every part of them, and the perpetual lustings of the flesh against the spirit; whereby they are often foiled with temptations, and fall into many sins, are hindered in all their spiritual services, and their best works are imperfect and defiled in the sight of God.
Q. 79. May not true believers, by reason of their imperfections, and the many temptations and sins they are overtaken with, fall away from the state of grace?
A. True believers, by reason of the unchangeable love of God, and his decree and covenant to give them perseverance, their inseparable union with Christ, his continual intercession for them, and the Spirit and seed of God abiding in them, can neither totally nor finally fall away from the state of grace, but are kept by the power of God through faith unto salvation.
Q. 80. Can true believers be infallibly assured that they are in the estate of grace, and that they shall persevere therein unto salvation?
A. Such as truly believe in Christ, and endeavor to walk in all good conscience before him, may, without extraordinary revelation, by faith grounded upon the truth of God's promises, and by the Spirit enabling them to discern in themselves those graces to which the promises of life are made, and bearing witness with their spirits that they are the children of God, be infallibly assured that they are in the estate of grace, and shall persevere therein unto salvation.
Q. 81. Are all true believers at all times assured of their present being in the estate of grace, and that they shall be saved?
A. Assurance of grace and salvation not being of the essence of faith, true believers may wait long before they obtain it; and, after the enjoyment thereof, may have it weakened and intermitted, through manifold distempers, sins, temptations, and desertions; yet are they never left without such a presence and support of the Spirit of God as keeps them from sinking into utter despair.
Q. 82. What is the communion in glory which the members of the invisible church have with Christ?
A. The communion in glory which the members of the invisible church have with Christ, is in this life, immediately after death, and at last perfected at the resurrection and day of judgment.
Q. 83. What is the communion in glory with Christ which the members of the invisible church enjoy in this life?
A. The members of the invisible church have communicated to them in this life the firstfruits of glory with Christ, as they are members of him their head, and so in him are interested in that glory which he is fully possessed of; and, as an earnest thereof, enjoy the sense of God's love, peace of conscience, joy in the Holy Ghost, and hope of glory; as, on the contrary, sense of God's revenging wrath, horror of conscience, and a fearful expectation of judgment, are to the wicked the beginning of their torments which they shall endure after death.
Q. 84. Shall all men die?
A. Death being threatened as the wages of sin, it is appointed unto all men once to die; for that all have sinned.
Q. 85. Death being the wages of sin, why are not the righteous delivered from death, seeing all their sins are forgiven in Christ?
A. The righteous shall be delivered from death itself at the last day, and even in death are delivered from the sting and curse of it; so that, although they die, yet it is out of God's love, to free them perfectly from sin and misery, and to make them capable of further communion with Christ in glory, which they then enter upon.
Q. 86. What is the communion in glory with Christ which the members of the invisible church enjoy immediately after death?
A. The communion in glory with Christ which the members of the invisible church enjoy immediately after death, is, in that their souls are then made perfect in holiness, and received into the highest heavens, where they behold the face of God in light and glory, waiting for the full redemption of their bodies, which even in death continue united to Christ, and rest in their graves as in their beds, till at the last day they be again united to their souls. Whereas the souls of the wicked are at their death cast into hell, where they remain in torments and utter darkness, and their bodies kept in their graves, as in their prisons, till the resurrection and judgment of the great day.
Q. 87. What are we to believe concerning the resurrection?
A. We are to believe that at the last day there shall be a general resurrection of the dead, both of the just and unjust: when they that are then found alive shall in a moment be changed; and the selfsame bodies of the dead which were laid in the grave, being then again united to their souls forever, shall be raised up by the power of Christ. The bodies of the just, by the Spirit of Christ, and by virtue of his resurrection as their head, shall be raised in power, spiritual, incorruptible, and made like to his glorious body; and the bodies of the wicked shall be raised up in dishonor by him, as an offended judge.
Q. 88. What shall immediately follow after the resurrection?
A. Immediately after the resurrection shall follow the general and final judgment of angels and men; the day and hour whereof no man knoweth, that all may watch and pray, and be ever ready for the coming of the Lord.
Q. 89. What shall be done to the wicked at the day of judgment?
A. At the day of judgment, the wicked shall be set on Christ's left hand, and, upon clear evidence, and full conviction of their own consciences, shall have the fearful but just sentence of condemnation pronounced against them; and thereupon shall be cast out from the favorable presence of God, and the glorious fellowship with Christ, his saints, and all his holy angels, into hell, to be punished with unspeakable torments, both of body and soul, with the devil and his angels forever.
Q. 90. What shall be done to the righteous at the day of judgment?
A. At the day of judgment, the righteous, being caught up to Christ in the clouds, shall be set on his right hand, and there openly acknowledged and acquitted, shall join with him in the judging of reprobate angels and men, and shall be received into heaven, where they shall be fully and forever freed from all sin and misery; filled with inconceivable joys, made perfectly holy and happy both in body and soul, in the company of innumerable saints and holy angels, but especially in the immediate vision and fruition of God the Father, of our Lord Jesus Christ, and of the Holy Spirit, to all eternity. And this is the perfect and full communion which the members of the invisible church shall enjoy with Christ in glory, at the resurrection and day of judgment.
HAVING SEEN WHAT THE SCRIPTURES PRINCIPALLY TEACH US TO BELIEVE CONCERNING GOD, IT FOLLOWS TO CONSIDER WHAT THEY REQUIRE AS THE DUTY OF MAN
Q. 91. What is the duty which God requireth of man?
A. The duty which God requireth of man, is obedience to his revealed will.
Q. 92. What did God first reveal unto man as the rule of his obedience?
A. The rule of obedience revealed to Adam in the estate of innocence, and to all mankind in him, besides a special command not to eat of the fruit of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, was the moral law.
Q. 93. What is the moral law?
A. The moral law is the declaration of the will of God to mankind, directing and binding every one to personal, perfect, and perpetual conformity and obedience thereunto, in the frame and disposition of the whole man, soul, and body, and in performance of all those duties of holiness and righteousness which he oweth to God and man: promising life upon the fulfilling, and threatening death upon the breach of it.
Q. 94. Is there any use of the moral law since the fall?
A. Although no man, since the fall, can attain to righteousness and life by the moral law; yet there is great use thereof, as well common to all men, as peculiar either to the unregenerate, or the regenerate.
Q. 95. Of what use is the moral law to all men?
A. The moral law is of use to all men, to inform them of the holy nature and will of God, and of their duty, binding them to walk accordingly; to convince them of their disability to keep it, and of the sinful pollution of their nature, hearts, and lives: to humble them in the sense of their sin and misery, and thereby help them to a clearer sight of the need they have of Christ, and of the perfection of his obedience.
Q. 96. What particular use is there of the moral law to unregenerate men?
A. The moral law is of use to unregenerate men, to awaken their consciences to flee from the wrath to come, and to drive them to Christ; or, upon the continuance in the estate and way of sin, to leave them inexcusable, and under the curse thereof.
Q. 97. What special use is there of the moral law to the regenerate?
A. Although they that are regenerate, and believe in Christ, be delivered from the moral law as a covenant of works, so as thereby they are neither justified nor condemned; yet besides the general uses thereof common to them with all men, it is of special use, to show them how much they are bound to Christ for his fulfilling it, and enduring the curse thereof in their stead, and for their good; and thereby to provoke them to more thankfulness, and to express the same in their greater care to conform themselves thereunto as the rule of their obedience.
Q. 98. Where is the moral law summarily comprehended?
A. The moral law is summarily comprehended in the Ten Commandments, which were delivered by the voice of God upon mount Sinai, and written by him in two tables of stone; and are recorded in the twentieth chapter of Exodus; the four first commandments containing our duty to God, and the other six our duty to man.
Q. 99. What rules are to be observed for the right understanding of the Ten Commandments?
A. For the right understanding of the Ten Commandments, these rules are to be observed:
1. That the law is perfect, and bindeth every one to full conformity in the whole man unto the righteousness thereof, and unto entire obedience forever; so as to require the utmost perfection of every duty, and to forbid the least degree of every sin.
2. That it is spiritual, and so reacheth the understanding, will, affections, and all other powers of the soul; as well as words, works, and gestures.
3. That one and the same thing, in divers respects, is required or forbidden in several commandments.
4. That as, where a duty is commanded, the contrary sin is forbidden; and, where a sin is forbidden, the contrary duty is commanded: so, where a promise is annexed, the contrary threatening is included; and, where a threatening is annexed, the contrary promise is included.
5. That what God forbids, is at no time to be done; what he commands, is always our duty; and yet every particular duty is not to be done at all times.
6. That under one sin or duty, all of the same kind are forbidden or commanded; together with all the causes, means, occasions, and appearances thereof, and provocations thereunto.
7. That what is forbidden or commanded to ourselves, we are bound, according to our places, to endeavor that it may be avoided or performed by others, according to the duty of their places.
8. That in what is commanded to others, we are bound, according to our places and callings, to be helpful to them; and to take heed of partaking with others in what is forbidden them.
Q. 100. What special things are we to consider in the Ten Commandments?
A. We are to consider, in the Ten Commandments, the preface, the substance of the commandments themselves, and several reasons annexed to some of them, the more to enforce them.
Q. 101. What is the preface to the Ten Commandments?
A. The preface to the Ten Commandments is contained in these words, I am the LORD thy God, which have brought thee out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage. Wherein God manifesteth his sovereignty, as being JEHOVAH, the eternal, immutable, and almighty God; having his being in and of himself, and giving being to all his words and works: and that he is a God in covenant, as with Israel of old, so with all his people; who, as he brought them out of their bondage in Egypt, so he delivereth us from our spiritual thraldom; and that therefore we are bound to take him for our God alone, and to keep all his commandments.
Q. 102. What is the sum of the four commandments which contain our duty to God?
A. The sum of the four commandments containing our duty to God, is, to love the Lord our God with all our heart, and with all our soul, and with all our strength, and with all our mind.
Q. 103. Which is the first commandment?
A. The first commandment is, Thou shalt have no other gods before me.
Q. 104. What are the duties required in the first commandment?
A. The duties required in the first commandment are, the knowing and acknowledging of God to be the only true God, and our God; and to worship and glorify him accordingly, by thinking, meditating, remembering, highly esteeming, honoring, adoring, choosing, loving, desiring, fearing of him; believing him; trusting, hoping, delighting, rejoicing in him; being zealous for him; calling upon him, giving all praise and thanks, and yielding all obedience and submission to him with the whole man; being careful in all things to please him, and sorrowful when in anything he is offended; and walking humbly with him.
Q. 105. What are the sins forbidden in the first commandment?
A. The sins forbidden in the first commandment, are, atheism, in denying or not having a God; idolatry, in having or worshiping more gods than one, or any with or instead of the true God; the not having and avouching him for God, and our God; the omission or neglect of anything due to him, required in this commandment; ignorance, forgetfulness, misapprehensions, false opinions, unworthy and wicked thoughts of him; bold and curious searching into his secrets; all profaneness, hatred of God; self-love, self-seeking, and all other inordinate and immoderate setting of our mind, will, or affections upon other things, and taking them off from him in whole or in part; vain credulity, unbelief, heresy, misbelief, distrust, despair, incorrigibleness, and insensibleness under judgments, hardness of heart, pride, presumption, carnal security, tempting of God; using unlawful means, and trusting in lawful means; carnal delights and joys; corrupt, blind, and indiscreet zeal; lukewarmness, and deadness in the things of God; estranging ourselves, and apostatizing from God; praying, or giving any religious worship, to saints, angels, or any other creatures; all compacts and consulting with the devil, and hearkening to his suggestions; making men the lords of our faith and conscience; slighting and despising God and his commands; resisting and grieving of his Spirit, discontent and impatience at his dispensations, charging him foolishly for the evils he inflicts on us; and ascribing the praise of any good we either are, have, or can do, to fortune, idols, ourselves, or any other creature.
Q. 106. What are we specially taught by these words, before me, in the first commandment?
A. These words, before me, or before my face, in the first commandment, teach us, that God, who seeth all things, taketh special notice of, and is much displeased with, the sin of having any other God: that so it may be an argument to dissuade from it, and to aggravate it as a most impudent provocation: as also to persuade us to do as in his sight, whatever we do in his service.
Q. 107. Which is the second commandment?
A. The second commandment is, Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image, or any likeness of anything that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth. Thou shalt not bow down thyself to them, nor serve them: for I the LORD thy God am a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children unto the third and fourth generation of them that hate me; and shewing mercy unto thousands of them that love me, and keep my commandments.
Q. 108. What are the duties required in the second commandment?
A. The duties required in the second commandment are, the receiving, observing, and keeping pure and entire, all such religious worship and ordinances as God hath instituted in his word; particularly prayer and thanksgiving in the name of Christ; the reading, preaching, and hearing of the word; the administration and receiving of the sacraments; church government and discipline; the ministry and maintenance thereof; religious fasting; swearing by the name of God, and vowing unto him: as also the disapproving, detesting, opposing, all false worship; and, according to each one's place and calling, removing it, and all monuments of idolatry.
Q. 109. What sins are forbidden in the second commandment?
A. The sins forbidden in the second commandment are, all devising, counseling, commanding, using, and any wise approving, any religious worship not instituted by God himself; the making any representation of God, of all or of any of the three persons, either inwardly in our mind, or outwardly in any kind of image or likeness of any creature whatsoever; all worshiping of it, or God in it or by it; the making of any representation of feigned deities, and all worship of them, or service belonging to them; all superstitious devices, corrupting the worship of God, adding to it, or taking from it, whether invented and taken up of ourselves, or received by tradition from others, though under the title of antiquity, custom, devotion, good intent, or any other pretense whatsoever; simony; sacrilege; all neglect, contempt, hindering, and opposing the worship and ordinances which God hath appointed.
Q. 110. What are the reasons annexed to the second commandment, the more to enforce it?
A. The reasons annexed to the second commandment, the more to enforce it, contained in these words, For I the LORD thy God am a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children unto the third and fourth generation of them that hate me; and shewing mercy unto thousands of them that love me, and keep my commandments; are, besides God's sovereignty over us, and propriety in us, his fervent zeal for his own worship, and his revengeful indignation against all false worship, as being a spiritual whoredom; accounting the breakers of this commandment such as hate him, and threatening to punish them unto divers generations; and esteeming the observers of it such as love him and keep his commandments, and promising mercy to them unto many generations.
Q. 111. Which is the third commandment?
A. The third commandment is, Thou shalt not take the name of the LORD thy God in vain: for the LORD will not hold him guiltless that taketh his name in vain.
Q. 112. What is required in the third commandment?
A. The third commandment requires, that the name of God, his titles, attributes, ordinances, the word, sacraments, prayer, oaths, vows, lots, his works, and whatsoever else there is whereby he makes himself known, be holily and reverently used in thought, meditation, word, and writing; by an holy profession, and answerable conversation, to the glory of God, and the good of ourselves, and others.
Q. 113. What are the sins forbidden in the third commandment?
A. The sins forbidden in the third commandment are, the not using of God's name as is required; and the abuse of it in an ignorant, vain, irreverent, profane, superstitious, or wicked mentioning or otherwise using his titles, attributes, ordinances, or works, by blasphemy, perjury; all sinful cursings, oaths, vows, and lots; violating of our oaths and vows, if lawful; and fulfilling them, if of things unlawful; murmuring and quarreling at, curious prying into, and misapplying of God's decrees and providences; misinterpreting, misapplying, or any way perverting the word, or any part of it, to profane jests, curious or unprofitable questions, vain janglings, or the maintaining of false doctrines; abusing it, the creatures, or anything contained under the name of God, to charms, or sinful lusts and practices; the maligning, scorning, reviling, or any wise opposing of God's truth, grace, and ways; making profession of religion in hypocrisy, or for sinister ends; being ashamed of it, or a shame to it, by unconformable, unwise, unfruitful, and offensive walking, or backsliding from it.
Q. 114. What reasons are annexed to the third commandment?
A. The reasons annexed to the third commandment, in these words, The LORD thy God, and, For the LORD will not hold him guiltless that taketh his name in vain, are, because he is the Lord and our God, therefore his name is not to be profaned, or any way abused by us; especially because he will be so far from acquitting and sparing the transgressors of this commandment, as that he will not suffer them to escape his righteous judgment, albeit many such escape the censures and punishments of men.
Q. 115. Which is the fourth commandment?
A. The fourth commandment is, Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy. Six days shalt thou labor, and do all thy work; but the seventh day is the sabbath of the LORD thy God: in it thou shalt not do any work, thou, nor thy son, nor thy daughter, thy manservant, nor thy maidservant, nor thy cattle, nor thy stranger that is within thy gates. For in six days the LORD made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that in them is, and rested the seventh day: wherefore the LORD blessed the sabbath day, and hallowed it.
Q. 116. What is required in the fourth commandment?
A. The fourth commandment requireth of all men the sanctifying or keeping holy to God such set times as he hath appointed in his word, expressly one whole day in seven; which was the seventh from the beginning of the world to the resurrection of Christ, and the first day of the week ever since, and so to continue to the end of the world; which is the Christian sabbath, and in the New Testament called The Lord's Day.
Q. 117. How is the sabbath or the Lord's day to be sanctified?
A. The sabbath or Lord's day is to be sanctified by an holy resting all the day, not only from such works as are at all times sinful, but even from such worldly employments and recreations as are on other days lawful; and making it our delight to spend the whole time (except so much of it as is to be taken up in works of necessity and mercy) in the public and private exercises of God's worship: and, to that end, we are to prepare our hearts, and with such foresight, diligence, and moderation, to dispose and seasonably dispatch our worldly business, that we may be the more free and fit for the duties of that day.
Q. 118. Why is the charge of keeping the sabbath more specially directed to governors of families, and other superiors?
A. The charge of keeping the sabbath is more specially directed to governors of families, and other superiors, because they are bound not only to keep it themselves, but to see that it be observed by all those that are under their charge; and because they are prone ofttimes to hinder them by employments of their own.
Q. 119. What are the sins forbidden in the fourth commandment?
A. The sins forbidden in the fourth commandment are, all omissions of the duties required, all careless, negligent, and unprofitable performing of them, and being weary of them; all profaning the day by idleness, and doing that which is in itself sinful; and by all needless works, words, and thoughts, about our worldly employments and recreations.
Q. 120. What are the reasons annexed to the fourth commandment, the more to enforce it?
A. The reasons annexed to the fourth commandment, the more to enforce it, are taken from the equity of it, God allowing us six days of seven for our own affairs, and reserving but one for himself, in these words, Six days shalt thou labor, and do all thy work: from God's challenging a special propriety in that day, The seventh day is the sabbath of the LORD thy God: from the example of God, who in six days ... made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that in them is, and rested the seventh day: and from that blessing which God put upon that day, not only in sanctifying it to be a day for his service, but in ordaining it to be a means of blessing to us in our sanctifying it; Wherefore the LORD blessed the sabbath day, and hallowed it.
Q. 121. Why is the word Remember set in the beginning of the fourth commandment?
A. The word Remember is set in the beginning of the fourth commandment, partly, because of the great benefit of remembering it, we being thereby helped in our preparation to keep it, and, in keeping it, better to keep all the rest of the commandments, and to continue a thankful remembrance of the two great benefits of creation and redemption, which contain a short abridgment of religion; and partly, because we are very ready to forget it, for that there is less light of nature for it, and yet it restraineth our natural liberty in things at other times lawful; that it cometh but once in seven days, and many worldly businesses come between, and too often take off our minds from thinking of it, either to prepare for it, or to sanctify it; and that Satan with his instruments much labor to blot out the glory, and even the memory of it, to bring in all irreligion and impiety.
Q. 122. What is the sum of the six commandments which contain our duty to man?
A. The sum of the six commandments which contain our duty to man, is, to love our neighbor as ourselves, and to do to others what we would have them do to us.
Q. 123. Which is the fifth commandment?
A. The fifth commandment is, Honour thy father and thy mother: that thy days may be long upon the land which the Lord thy God giveth thee.
Q. 124. Who are meant by father and mother in the fifth commandment?
A. By father and mother, in the fifth commandment, are meant, not only natural parents, but all superiors in age and gifts; and especially such as, by God's ordinance, are over us in place of authority, whether in family, church, or commonwealth.
Q. 125. Why are superiors styled Father and Mother?
A. Superiors are styled Father and Mother, both to teach them in all duties toward their inferiors, like natural parents, to express love and tenderness to them, according to their several relations; and to work inferiors to a greater willingness and cheerfulness in performing their duties to their superiors, as to their parents.
Q. 126. What is the general scope of the fifth commandment?
A. The general scope of the fifth commandment is, the performance of those duties which we mutually owe in our several relations, as inferiors, superiors or equals.
Q. 127. What is the honor that inferiors owe to their superiors?
A. The honor which inferiors owe to their superiors is, all due reverence in heart, word, and behavior; prayer and thanksgiving for them; imitation of their virtues and graces; willing obedience to their lawful commands and counsels; due submission to their corrections; fidelity to, defense, and maintenance of their persons and authority, according to their several ranks, and the nature of their places; bearing with their infirmities, and covering them in love, that so they may be an honor to them and to their government.
Q. 128. What are the sins of inferiors against their superiors?
A. The sins of inferiors against their superiors are, all neglect of the duties required toward them; envying at, contempt of, and rebellion against their persons and places, in their lawful counsels, commands, and corrections; cursing, mocking, and all such refractory and scandalous carriage, as proves a shame and dishonor to them and their government.
Q. 129. What is required of superiors towards their inferiors?
A. It is required of superiors, according to that power they receive from God, and that relation wherein they stand, to love, pray for, and bless their inferiors; to instruct, counsel, and admonish them; countenancing, commending, and rewarding such as do well; and discountenancing, reproving, and chastising such as do ill; protecting, and providing for them all things necessary for soul and body: and by grave, wise, holy, and exemplary carriage, to procure glory to God, honor to themselves, and so to preserve that authority which God hath put upon them.
Q. 130. What are the sins of superiors?
A. The sins of superiors are, besides the neglect of the duties required of them, an inordinate seeking of themselves, their own glory, ease, profit, or pleasure; commanding things unlawful, or not in the power of inferiors to perform; counseling, encouraging, or favoring them in that which is evil; dissuading, discouraging, or discountenancing them in that which is good; correcting them unduly; careless exposing, or leaving them to wrong, temptation, and danger; provoking them to wrath; or any way dishonoring themselves, or lessening their authority, by an unjust, indiscreet, rigorous, or remiss behavior.
Q. 131. What are the duties of equals?
A. The duties of equals are, to regard the dignity and worth of each other, in giving honor to go one before another; and to rejoice in each others' gifts and advancement, as their own.
Q. 132. What are the sins of equals?
A. The sins of equals are, besides the neglect of the duties required, the undervaluing of the worth, envying the gifts, grieving at the advancement or prosperity one of another; and usurping preeminence one over another.
Q. 133. What is the reason annexed to the fifth commandment, the more to enforce it?
A. The reason annexed to the fifth commandment, in these words, That thy days may be long upon the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee, is an express promise of long life and prosperity, as far as it shall serve for God's glory and their own good, to all such as keep this commandment.
Q. 134. Which is the sixth commandment?
A. The sixth commandment is, Thou shalt not kill.
Q. 135. What are the duties required in the sixth commandment?
A. The duties required in the sixth commandment are, all careful studies, and lawful endeavors, to preserve the life of ourselves and others by resisting all thoughts and purposes, subduing all passions, and avoiding all occasions, temptations, and practices, which tend to the unjust taking away the life of any; by just defense thereof against violence, patient bearing of the hand of God, quietness of mind, cheerfulness of spirit; a sober use of meat, drink, physic, sleep, labor, and recreations; by charitable thoughts, love, compassion, meekness, gentleness, kindness; peaceable, mild and courteous speeches and behavior; forbearance, readiness to be reconciled, patient bearing and forgiving of injuries, and requiting good for evil; comforting and succoring the distressed, and protecting and defending the innocent.
Q. 136. What are the sins forbidden in the sixth commandment?
A. The sins forbidden in the sixth commandment are, all taking away the life of ourselves, or of others, except in case of public justice, lawful war, or necessary defense; the neglecting or withdrawing the lawful and necessary means of preservation of life; sinful anger, hatred, envy, desire of revenge; all excessive passions, distracting cares; immoderate use of meat, drink, labor, and recreations; provoking words, oppression, quarreling, striking, wounding, and whatsoever else tends to the destruction of the life of any.
Q. 137. Which is the seventh commandment?
A. The seventh commandment is, Thou shalt not commit adultery.
Q. 138. What are the duties required in the seventh commandment?
A. The duties required in the seventh commandment are, chastity in body, mind, affections, words, and behavior; and the preservation of it in ourselves and others; watchfulness over the eyes and all the senses; temperance, keeping of chaste company, modesty in apparel; marriage by those that have not the gift of continency, conjugal love, and cohabitation; diligent labor in our callings; shunning all occasions of uncleanness, and resisting temptations thereunto.
Q. 139. What are the sins forbidden in the seventh commandment?
A. The sins forbidden in the seventh commandment, besides the neglect of the duties required, are, adultery, fornication, rape, incest, sodomy, and all unnatural lusts; all unclean imaginations, thoughts, purposes, and affections; all corrupt or filthy communications, or listening thereunto; wanton looks, impudent or light behavior, immodest apparel; prohibiting of lawful, and dispensing with unlawful marriages; allowing, tolerating, keeping of stews, and resorting to them; entangling vows of single life, undue delay of marriage; having more wives or husbands than one at the same time; unjust divorce, or desertion; idleness, gluttony, drunkenness, unchaste company; lascivious songs, books, pictures, dancings, stage plays; and all other provocations to, or acts of uncleanness, either in ourselves or others.
Q. 140. Which is the eighth commandment?
A. The eighth commandment is, Thou shalt not steal.
Q. 141. What are the duties required in the eighth commandment?
A. The duties required in the eighth commandment are, truth, faithfulness, and justice in contracts and commerce between man and man; rendering to every one his due; restitution of goods unlawfully detained from the right owners thereof; giving and lending freely, according to our abilities, and the necessities of others; moderation of our judgments, wills, and affections concerning worldly goods; a provident care and study to get, keep, use, and dispose these things which are necessary and convenient for the sustentation of our nature, and suitable to our condition; a lawful calling, and diligence in it; frugality; avoiding unnecessary lawsuits, and suretiship, or other like engagements; and an endeavor, by all just and lawful means, to procure, preserve, and further the wealth and outward estate of others, as well as our own.
Q. 142. What are the sins forbidden in the eighth commandment?
A. The sins forbidden in the eighth commandment, besides the neglect of the duties required, are, theft, robbery, man-stealing, and receiving anything that is stolen; fraudulent dealing, false weights and measures, removing landmarks, injustice and unfaithfulness in contracts between man and man, or in matters of trust; oppression, extortion, usury, bribery, vexatious lawsuits, unjust enclosures and depredation; engrossing commodities to enhance the price; unlawful callings, and all other unjust or sinful ways of taking or withholding from our neighbor what belongs to him, or of enriching ourselves; covetousness; inordinate prizing and affecting worldly goods; distrustful and distracting cares and studies in getting, keeping, and using them; envying at the prosperity of others; as likewise idleness, prodigality, wasteful gaming; and all other ways whereby we do unduly prejudice our own outward estate, and defrauding ourselves of the due use and comfort of that estate which God hath given us.
Q. 143. Which is the ninth commandment?
A. The ninth commandment is, Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour.
Q. 144. What are the duties required in the ninth commandment?
A. The duties required in the ninth commandment are, the preserving and promoting of truth between man and man, and the good name of our neighbor, as well as our own; appearing and standing for the truth; and from the heart, sincerely, freely, clearly, and fully, speaking the truth, and only the truth, in matters of judgment and justice, and in all other things whatsoever; a charitable esteem of our neighbors; loving, desiring, and rejoicing in their good name; sorrowing for and covering of their infirmities; freely acknowledging of their gifts and graces, defending their innocency; a ready receiving of a good report, and unwillingness to admit of an evil report, concerning them; discouraging talebearers, flatterers, and slanderers; love and care of our own good name, and defending it when need requireth; keeping of lawful promises; studying and practicing of whatsoever things are true, honest, lovely, and of good report.
Q. 145. What are the sins forbidden in the ninth commandment?
A. The sins forbidden in the ninth commandment are, all prejudicing the truth, and the good name of our neighbors, as well as our own, especially in public judicature; giving false evidence, suborning false witnesses, wittingly appearing and pleading for an evil cause, outfacing and overbearing the truth; passing unjust sentence, calling evil good, and good evil; rewarding the wicked according to the work of the righteous, and the righteous according to the work of the wicked; forgery, concealing the truth, undue silence in a just cause, and holding our peace when iniquity calleth for either a reproof from ourselves, or complaint to others; speaking the truth unseasonably, or maliciously to a wrong end, or perverting it to a wrong meaning, or in doubtful or equivocal expressions, to the prejudice of the truth or justice; speaking untruth, lying, slandering, backbiting, detracting, talebearing, whispering, scoffing, reviling, rash, harsh, and partial censuring; misconstructing intentions, words, and actions; flattering, vainglorious boasting, thinking or speaking too highly or too meanly of ourselves or others; denying the gifts and graces of God; aggravating smaller faults; hiding, excusing, or extenuating of sins, when called to a free confession; unnecessary discovering of infirmities; raising false rumors, receiving and countenancing evil reports, and stopping our ears against just defense; evil suspicion; envying or grieving at the deserved credit of any; endeavoring or desiring to impair it, rejoicing in their disgrace and infamy; scornful contempt, fond admiration; breach of lawful promises; neglecting such things as are of good report, and practicing, or not avoiding ourselves, or not hindering what we can in others, such things as procure an ill name.
Q. 146. Which is the tenth commandment?
A. The tenth commandment is, Thou shalt not covet thy neighbour's house, thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's wife, nor his manservant, nor his maidservant, nor his ox, nor his ass, nor anything that is thy neighbour's.
Q. 147. What are the duties required in the tenth commandment?
A. The duties required in the tenth commandment are, such a full contentment with our own condition, and such a charitable frame of the whole soul toward our neighbor, as that all our inward motions and affections touching him, tend unto, and further all that good which is his.
Q. 148. What are the sins forbidden in the tenth commandment?
A. The sins forbidden in the tenth commandment are, discontentment with our own estate; envying and grieving at the good of our neighbor, together with all inordinate motions and affections to anything that is his.
Q. 149. Is any man able perfectly to keep the commandments of God?
A. No man is able, either of himself, or by any grace received in this life, perfectly to keep the commandments of God; but doth daily break them in thought, word, and deed,
Q. 150. Are all transgressions of the law of God equally heinous in themselves, and in the sight of God?
A. All transgressions of the law are not equally heinous; but some sins in themselves, and by reason of several aggravations, are more heinous in the sight of God than others.
Q. 151. What are those aggravations that make some sins more heinous than others?
A. Sins receive their aggravations,
1. From the persons offending; if they be of riper age, greater experience or grace, eminent for profession, gifts, place, office, guides to others, and whose example is likely to be followed by others.
2. From the parties offended: if immediately against God, his attributes, and worship; against Christ, and his grace; the Holy Spirit, his witness, and workings; against superiors, men of eminency, and such as we stand especially related and engaged unto; against any of the saints, particularly weak brethren, the souls of them, or any other, and the common good of all or many.
3. From the nature and quality of the offence: if it be against the express letter of the law, break many commandments, contain in it many sins: if not only conceived in the heart, but breaks forth in words and actions, scandalize others, and admit of no reparation: if against means, mercies, judgments, light of nature, conviction of conscience, public or private admonition, censures of the church, civil punishments; and our prayers, purposes, promises, vows, covenants, and engagements to God or men: if done deliberately, willfully, presumptuously, impudently, boastingly, maliciously, frequently, obstinately, with delight, continuance, or relapsing after repentance.
4. From circumstances of time, and place: if on the Lord's day, or other times of divine worship; or immediately before or after these, or other helps to prevent or remedy such miscarriages: if in public, or in the presence of others, who are thereby likely to be provoked or defiled.
Q. 152. What doth every sin deserve at the hands of God?
A. Every sin, even the least, being against the sovereignty, goodness, and holiness of God, and against his righteous law, deserveth his wrath and curse, both in this life, and that which is to come; and cannot be expiated but by the blood of Christ.
Q. 153. What doth God require of us, that we may escape his wrath and curse due to us by reason of the transgression of the law?
A. That we may escape the wrath and curse of God due to us by reason of the transgression of the law, he requireth of us repentance toward God, and faith toward our Lord Jesus Christ, and the diligent use of the outward means whereby Christ communicates to us the benefits of his mediation.
Q. 154. What are the outward means whereby Christ communicates to us the benefits of his mediation?
A. The outward and ordinary means whereby Christ communicates to his church the benefits of his mediation, are all his ordinances; especially the word, sacraments, and prayer; all which are made effectual to the elect for their salvation.
Q. 155. How is the word made effectual to salvation?
A. The Spirit of God maketh the reading, but especially the preaching of the word, an effectual means of enlightening, convincing, and humbling sinners; of driving them out of themselves, and drawing them unto Christ; of conforming them to his image, and subduing them to his will; of strengthening them against temptations and corruptions; or building them up in grace, and establishing their hearts in holiness and comfort through faith unto salvation.
Q. 156. Is the Word of God to be read by all?
A. Although all are not to be permitted to read the word publicly to the congregation, yet all sorts of people are bound to read it apart by themselves, and with their families: to which end, the holy Scriptures are to be translated out of the original into vulgar languages.
Q. 157. How is the Word of God to be read?
A. The holy Scriptures are to be read with an high and reverent esteem of them; with a firm persuasion that they are the very Word of God, and that he only can enable us to understand them; with desire to know, believe, and obey the will of God revealed in them; with diligence, and attention to the matter and scope of them; with meditation, application, self-denial, and prayer.
Q. 158. By whom is the Word of God to be preached?
A. The Word of God is to be preached only by such as are sufficiently gifted, and also duly approved and called to that office.
Q. 159. How is the Word of God to be preached by those that are called thereunto?
A. They that are called to labor in the ministry of the word, are to preach sound doctrine, diligently, in season and out of season; plainly, not in the enticing words of man's wisdom, but in demonstration of the Spirit, and of power; faithfully, making known the whole counsel of God; wisely, applying themselves to the necessities and capacities of the hearers; zealously, with fervent love to God and the souls of his people; sincerely, aiming at his glory, and their conversion, edification, and salvation.
Q. 160. What is required of those that hear the word preached?
A. It is required of those that hear the word preached, that they attend upon it with diligence, preparation, and prayer; examine what they hear by the Scriptures; receive the truth with faith, love, meekness, and readiness of mind, as the Word of God; meditate, and confer of it; hide it in their hearts, and bring forth the fruit of it in their lives.
Q. 161. How do the sacraments become effectual means of salvation?
A. The sacraments become effectual means of salvation, not by any power in themselves, or any virtue derived from the piety or intention of him by whom they are administered, but only by the working of the Holy Ghost, and the blessing of Christ, by whom they are instituted.
Q. 162. What is a sacrament?
A. A sacrament is an holy ordinance instituted by Christ in his church, to signify, seal, and exhibit unto those that are within the covenant of grace, the benefits of his mediation; to strengthen and increase their faith, and all other graces; to oblige them to obedience; to testify and cherish their love and communion one with another; and to distinguish them from those that are without.
Q. 163. What are the parts of a sacrament?
A. The parts of a sacrament are two; the one an outward and sensible sign, used according to Christ's own appointment; the other an inward and spiritual grace thereby signified.
Q. 164. How many sacraments hath Christ instituted in his church under the New Testament?
A. Under the New Testament Christ hath instituted in his church only two sacraments, baptism and the Lord's supper.
Q. 165. What is baptism?
A. Baptism is a sacrament of the New Testament, wherein Christ hath ordained the washing with water in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost, to be a sign and seal of ingrafting into himself, of remission of sins by his blood, and regeneration by his Spirit; of adoption, and resurrection unto everlasting life; and whereby the parties baptized are solemnly admitted into the visible church, and enter into an open and professed engagement to be wholly and only the Lord's.
Q. 166. Unto whom is baptism to be administered?
A. Baptism is not to be administered to any that are out of the visible church, and so strangers from the covenant of promise, till they profess their faith in Christ, and obedience to him, but infants descending from parents, either both, or but one of them, professing faith in Christ, and obedience to him, are in that respect within the covenant, and to be baptized.
Q. 167. How is baptism to be improved by us?
A. The needful but much neglected duty of improving our baptism, is to be performed by us all our life long, especially in the time of temptation, and when we are present at the administration of it to others; by serious and thankful consideration of the nature of it, and of the ends for which Christ instituted it, the privileges and benefits conferred and sealed thereby, and our solemn vow made therein; by being humbled for our sinful defilement, our falling short of, and walking contrary to, the grace of baptism, and our engagements; by growing up to assurance of pardon of sin, and of all other blessings sealed to us in that sacrament; by drawing strength from the death and resurrection of Christ, into whom we are baptized, for the mortifying of sin, and quickening of grace; and by endeavoring to live by faith, to have our conversation in holiness and righteousness, as those that have therein given up their names to Christ; and to walk in brotherly love, as being baptized by the same Spirit into one body.
Q. 168. What is the Lord's supper?
A. The Lord's supper is a sacrament of the New Testament, wherein, by giving and receiving bread and wine according to the appointment of Jesus Christ, his death is showed forth; and they that worthily communicate feed upon his body and blood, to their spiritual nourishment and growth in grace; have their union and communion with him confirmed; testify and renew their thankfulness, and engagement to God, and their mutual love and fellowship each with other, as members of the same mystical body.
Q. 169. How hath Christ appointed bread and wine to be given and received in the sacrament of the Lord's supper?
A. Christ hath appointed the ministers of his word, in the administration of this sacrament of the Lord's supper, to set apart the bread and wine from common use, by the word of institution, thanksgiving, and prayer; to take and break the bread, and to give both the bread and the wine to the communicants: who are, by the same appointment, to take and eat the bread, and to drink the wine, in thankful remembrance that the body of Christ was broken and given, and his blood shed, for them.
Q. 170. How do they that worthily communicate in the Lord's supper feed upon the body and blood of Christ therein?
A. As the body and blood of Christ are not corporally or carnally present in, with, or under the bread and wine in the Lord's supper, and yet are spiritually present to the faith of the receiver, no less truly and really than the elements themselves are to their outward senses; so they that worthily communicate in the sacrament of the Lord's supper, do therein feed upon the body and blood of Christ, not after a corporal and carnal, but in a spiritual manner; yet truly and really, while by faith they receive and apply unto themselves Christ crucified, and all the benefits of his death.
Q. 171. How are they that receive the sacrament of the Lord's supper to prepare themselves before they come unto it?
A. They that receive the sacrament of the Lord's supper are, before they come, to prepare themselves thereunto, by examining themselves of their being in Christ, of their sins and wants; of the truth and measure of their knowledge, faith, repentance; love to God and the brethren, charity to all men, forgiving those that have done them wrong; of their desires after Christ, and of their new obedience; and by renewing the exercise of these graces, by serious meditation, and fervent prayer.
Q. 172. May one who doubteth of his being in Christ, or of his due preparation, come to the Lord's supper?
A. One who doubteth of his being in Christ, or of his due preparation to the sacrament of the Lord's supper, may have true interest in Christ, though he be not yet assured thereof; and in God's account hath it, if he be duly affected with the apprehension of the want of it, and unfeignedly desires to be found in Christ, and to depart from iniquity: in which case (because promises are made, and this sacrament is appointed, for the relief even of weak and doubting Christians) he is to bewail his unbelief, and labor to have his doubts resolved; and, so doing, he may and ought to come to the Lord's supper, that he may be further strengthened.
Q. 173. May any who profess the faith, and desire to come to the Lord's supper, be kept from it?
A. Such as are found to be ignorant or scandalous, notwithstanding their profession of the faith, and desire to come to the Lord's supper, may and ought to be kept from that sacrament, by the power which Christ hath left in his church, until they receive instruction, and manifest their reformation.
Q. 174. What is required of them that receive the sacrament of the Lord's supper in the time of the administration of it?
A. It is required of them that receive the sacrament of the Lord's supper, that, during the time of the administration of it, with all holy reverence and attention they wait upon God in that ordinance, diligently observe the sacramental elements and actions, heedfully discern the Lord's body, and affectionately meditate on his death and sufferings, and thereby stir up themselves to a vigorous exercise of their graces; in judging themselves, and sorrowing for sin; in earnest hungering and thirsting after Christ, feeding on him by faith, receiving of his fullness, trusting in his merits, rejoicing in his love, giving thanks for his grace; in renewing of their covenant with God, and love to all the saints.
Q. 175. What is the duty of Christians, after they have received the sacrament of the Lord's supper?
A. The duty of Christians, after they have received the sacrament of the Lord's supper, is seriously to consider how they have behaved themselves therein, and with what success; if they find quickening and comfort, to bless God for it, beg the continuance of it, watch against relapses, fulfill their vows, and encourage themselves to a frequent attendance on that ordinance: but if they find no present benefit, more exactly to review their preparation to, and carriage at, the sacrament; in both which, if they can approve themselves to God and their own consciences, they are to wait for the fruit of it in due time: but, if they see they have failed in either, they are to be humbled, and to attend upon it afterwards with more care and diligence.
Q. 176. Wherein do the sacraments of baptism and the Lord's supper agree?
A. The sacraments of baptism and the Lord's supper agree, in that the author of both is God; the spiritual part of both is Christ and his benefits; both are seals of the same covenant, are to be dispensed by ministers of the gospel, and by none other; and to be continued in the church of Christ until his second coming.
Q. 177. Wherein do the sacraments of baptism and the Lord's supper differ?
A. The sacraments of baptism and the Lord's supper differ, in that baptism is to be administered but once, with water, to be a sign and seal of our regeneration and ingrafting into Christ, and that even to infants; whereas the Lord's supper is to be administered often, in the elements of bread and wine, to represent and exhibit Christ as spiritual nourishment to the soul, and to confirm our continuance and growth in him, and that only to such as are of years and ability to examine themselves.
Q. 178. What is prayer?
A. Prayer is an offering up of our desires unto God, in the name of Christ, by the help of his Spirit; with confession of our sins, and thankful acknowledgement of his mercies.
Q. 179. Are we to pray unto God only?
A. God only being able to search the hearts, hear the requests, pardon the sins, and fulfill the desires of all; and only to be believed in, and worshiped with religious worship; prayer, which is a special part thereof, is to be made by all to him alone, and to none other.
Q. 180. What is it to pray in the name of Christ?
A. To pray in the name of Christ is, in obedience to his command, and in confidence on his promises, to ask mercy for his sake; not by bare mentioning of his name, but by drawing our encouragement to pray, and our boldness, strength, and hope of acceptance in prayer, from Christ and his mediation.
Q. 181. Why are we to pray in the name of Christ?
A. The sinfulness of man, and his distance from God by reason thereof, being so great, as that we can have no access into his presence without a mediator; and there being none in heaven or earth appointed to, or fit for, that glorious work but Christ alone, we are to pray in no other name but his only.
Q. 182. How doth the Spirit help us to pray?
A. We not knowing what to pray for as we ought, the Spirit helpeth our infirmities, by enabling us to understand both for whom, and what, and how prayer is to be made; and by working and quickening in our hearts (although not in all persons, nor at all times, in the same measure) those apprehensions, affections, and graces which are requisite for the right performance of that duty.
Q. 183. For whom are we to pray?
A. We are to pray for the whole church of Christ upon earth; for magistrates, and ministers; for ourselves, our brethren, yea, our enemies; and for all sorts of men living, or that shall live hereafter; but not for the dead, nor for those that are known to have sinned the sin unto death.
Q. 184. For what things are we to pray?
A. We are to pray for all things tending to the glory of God, the welfare of the church, our own or others' good; but not for anything that is unlawful.
Q. 185. How are we to pray?
A. We are to pray with an awful apprehension of the majesty of God, and deep sense of our own unworthiness, necessities, and sins; with penitent, thankful, and enlarged hearts; with understanding, faith, sincerity, fervency, love, and perseverance, waiting upon him, with humble submission to his will.
Q. 186. What rule hath God given for our direction in the duty of prayer?
A. The whole Word of God is of use to direct us in the duty of prayer; but the special rule of direction is that form of prayer which our Savior Christ taught his disciples, commonly called The Lord's prayer.
Q. 187. How is the Lord's prayer to be used?
A. The Lord's prayer is not only for direction, as a pattern, according to which we are to make other prayers; but may also be used as a prayer, so that it be done with understanding, faith, reverence, and other graces necessary to the right performance of the duty of prayer.
Q. 188. Of how many parts doth the Lord's prayer consist?
A. The Lord's prayer consists of three parts; a preface, petitions, and a conclusion.
Q. 189. What doth the preface of the Lord's prayer teach us?
A. The preface of the Lord's prayer (contained in these words, Our Father which art in heaven) teacheth us, when we pray, to draw near to God with confidence of his fatherly goodness, and our interest therein; with reverence, and all other childlike dispositions, heavenly affections, and due apprehensions of his sovereign power, majesty, and gracious condescension: as also, to pray with and for others.
Q. 190. What do we pray for in the first petition?
A. In the first petition (which is, Hallowed be thy name), acknowledging the utter inability and indisposition that is in ourselves and all men to honor God aright, we pray, that God would by his grace enable and incline us and others to know, to acknowledge, and highly to esteem him, his titles, attributes, ordinances, word, works, and whatsoever he is pleased to make himself known by; and to glorify him in thought, word, and deed: that he would prevent and remove atheism, ignorance, idolatry, profaneness, and whatsoever is dishonorable to him; and, by his overruling providence, direct and dispose of all things to his own glory.
Q. 191. What do we pray for in the second petition?
A. In the second petition (which is, Thy kingdom come), acknowledging ourselves and all mankind to be by nature under the dominion of sin and Satan, we pray, that the kingdom of sin and Satan may be destroyed, the gospel propagated throughout the world, the Jews called, the fullness of the Gentiles brought in; the church furnished with all gospel officers and ordinances, purged from corruption, countenanced and maintained by the civil magistrate; that the ordinances of Christ may be purely dispensed, and made effectual to the converting of those that are yet in their sins, and the confirming, comforting, and building up of those that are already converted: that Christ would rule in our hearts here, and hasten the time of his second coming, and our reigning with him forever: and that he would be pleased so to exercise the kingdom of his power in all the world, as may best conduce to these ends.
Q. 192. What do we pray for in the third petition?
A. In the third petition (which is, Thy will be done in earth, as it is in heaven), acknowledging that by nature we and all men are not only utterly unable and unwilling to know and to do the will of God, but prone to rebel against his word, to repine and murmur against his providence, and wholly inclined to do the will of the flesh, and of the devil: we pray, that God would by his Spirit take away from ourselves and others all blindness, weakness, indisposedness, and perverseness of heart; and by his grace make us able and willing to know, do, and submit to his will in all things, with the like humility, cheerfulness, faithfulness, diligence, zeal, sincerity, and constancy, as the angels do in heaven.
Q. 193. What do we pray for in the fourth petition?
A. In the fourth petition (which is, Give us this day our daily bread), acknowledging that in Adam, and by our own sin, we have forfeited our right to all the outward blessings of this life, and deserve to be wholly deprived of them by God, and to have them cursed to us in the use of them; and that neither they of themselves are able to sustain us, nor we to merit, or by our own industry to procure them; but prone to desire, get, and use them unlawfully: we pray for ourselves and others, that both they and we, waiting upon the providence of God from day to day in the use of lawful means, may, of his free gift, and as to his fatherly wisdom shall seem best, enjoy a competent portion of them; and have the same continued and blessed unto us in our holy and comfortable use of them, and contentment in them; and be kept from all things that are contrary to our temporal support and comfort.
Q. 194. What do we pray for in the fifth petition?
A. In the fifth petition (which is, Forgive us our debts, as we forgive our debtors), acknowledging that we and all others are guilty both of original and actual sin, and thereby become debtors to the justice of God; and that neither we, nor any other creature, can make the least satisfaction for that debt: we pray for ourselves and others, that God of his free grace would, through the obedience and satisfaction of Christ, apprehended and applied by faith, acquit us both from the guilt and punishment of sin, accept us in his Beloved; continue his favor and grace to us, pardon our daily failings, and fill us with peace and joy, in giving us daily more and more assurance of forgiveness; which we are the rather emboldened to ask, and encouraged to expect, when we have this testimony in ourselves, that we from the heart forgive others their offenses.
Q. 195. What do we pray for in the sixth petition?
A. In the sixth petition (which is, And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil), acknowledging that the most wise, righteous, and gracious God, for divers holy and just ends, may so order things, that we may be assaulted, foiled, and for a time led captive by temptations; that Satan, the world, and the flesh, are ready powerfully to draw us aside, and ensnare us; and that we, even after the pardon of our sins, by reason of our corruption, weakness, and want of watchfulness, are not only subject to be tempted, and forward to expose ourselves unto temptations, but also of ourselves unable and unwilling to resist them, to recover out of them, and to improve them; and worthy to be left under the power of them; we pray, that God would so overrule the world and all in it, subdue the flesh, and restrain Satan, order all things, bestow and bless all means of grace, and quicken us to watchfulness in the use of them, that we and all his people may by his providence be kept from being tempted to sin; or, if tempted, that by his Spirit we may be powerfully supported and enabled to stand in the hour of temptation; or when fallen, raised again and recovered out of it, and have a sanctified use and improvement thereof: that our sanctification and salvation may be perfected, Satan trodden under our feet, and we fully freed from sin, temptation, and all evil, forever.
Q. 196. What doth the conclusion of the Lord's prayer teach us?
A. The conclusion of the Lord's prayer (which is, For thine is the kingdom, and the power, and the glory, forever. Amen.) teacheth us to enforce our petitions with arguments, which are to be taken, not from any worthiness in ourselves, or in any other creature, but from God; and with our prayers to join praises, ascribing to God alone eternal sovereignty, omnipotency, and glorious excellency; in regard whereof, as he is able and willing to help us, so we by faith are emboldened to plead with him that he would, and quietly to rely upon him, that he will fulfill our requests. And, to testify this our desire and assurance, we say, Amen.
中文王志勇版[2]
威斯敏斯德大要理問答
Westminster Larger Catechism, 1648
王志勇牧師譯註
導 讀
威斯敏斯德會議在製定 《威斯敏斯德信條》的同時,也起草、通過了兩個教理問答。大教理問答於1648年7月完畢。斯卡福認為,根據當時歐洲大陸改革宗教會的習慣,大教理問答用於在教會講壇上公開講授,而小教理問答則用於在家庭裡教育孩子。陶論斯認 為: “《大教理問答》主要用作牧師在主日教導改革宗教義時的參考指南。” 可惜,目前哪怕是在歐美教會中,最盛行的也是 《威斯敏斯德小教理問答》,用於公共教育的大教理問答反倒很少有人過問。因此,關於小教理問答的詮釋和講道比比皆是, 而關於大教理問答的,目前從圖書館中能夠找到的只有兩本,一是1855年版的托馬斯·瑞格理 (Thomas Ridgely,1667-1734) 所著的多達1303頁的 《大教理問答釋義》,二是2002年版的曾經到中國大陸宣教的魏司道博士所著的589頁的註釋。
根據威斯敏斯德會議的記錄,《大教理問答》的製定先於 《小教理問答》,其中的每個問答都是在會議上逐個討論通過的。主要作者是安東尼·塔可尼博士 (Anthony Tuckney),他是當時劍橋大學的副校長、神學教授。這個教理問答是對信條的解釋和補充,特別是在基督徒倫理方面,其詳盡性超過宗教改革時期其他任何改革宗信條,是改革宗神學解釋十誡的經典之作。解釋教會史學家斯卡福認為: “在製定的藝術上,大教理問答是一個傑作,勝過其他任何類似的作品,並且是以當時普遍盛行的系統神學的形式闡明各項教義的。”大教理問 答是為那些信心上比較成熟的人預備的,在教義界定上更精確,更全面。 《小教理問答》 更多地集中於教導初信者明白基本要道,注重個人的層面; 《大教理問答》 主要是為比較成熟的基督徒預備的,更多地註重基督徒生活的群體性方面,多處談及教會,都是 《小教理問答》 不曾涉及的。對於在教義和倫理方面都非常貧乏的中國教會而言,《大教理問答》可以說是一個百科全書式的指南。
《大教理問答》與《小教理問答》架構相同,也分為三個部分。第一部 分為序言部分,從第1問至第5問,論及人生的首要目的、上帝的存在、上帝的聖言。第二部分論及人當信什麼,從第6問至第90問。第三部分論及人當怎樣行, 從第91問至最後196問。
問 1-10 問 11-20 問 21-30 問 31-40 問 41-50 問 51-60 問 61-70 問 71-80 問 81-90 問 91-100 問 101-110 問 111-120 問 121-130 問 131-140 問 141-150 問 151-160 問 161-170 問 171-180 問 181-190 問 191-196
一.人生的首要目的
1問:人生最重要、最崇高的目的是什麼?
答:人生最重要、最崇高的目的就是榮耀上帝(羅11:36;林前 10:31),完全以祂為樂,直到永遠(詩73:24-28;約 17:21-23)。
二.上帝的存在
2問:如何曉得有上帝存在呢?
答:人心中的自然之光,和上帝的作為,都在明明地宣告上帝的存在(羅1:19-20;詩 19:1-3;徒17:28);但是,人要得救,惟獨上帝的聖言和聖靈才能充分、有效地向人啟示祂(林前2:9-10; 提後3:15-17;賽59:21)。
三.上帝的聖言
3問:上帝的聖言是什麼?
答:舊新約聖經就是上帝的聖言(提後3:16;彼後 1:19-21),是信仰與順服的惟一準則(弗2:20;啟 22:18,19;賽8:20;路16:29,31;加1:8-9;提後3:15,16)。
4問:如何曉得聖經就是上帝的聖言呢?
答:聖經是上帝的聖言,由以下方面可知:
(1) 聖經體裁的莊嚴(何8:12;林前2:6-7,13; 詩119:18,129),教理的純正(詩12:6;詩 119:140),各部的契合(徒10:43;26:22),範圍的全備(全歸榮耀於上帝)(羅3:19,27);
(2) 使罪人知罪、歸正,使信徒得安慰、得造就,以致最終使人得救的亮光和力量(徒18:28;來4:12; 雅1:18;詩19:7-9;羅15:4;徒20:32), 都證明聖經是上帝的聖言;
(3) 但是,惟獨上帝的聖靈,藉著並同著聖經 在人心中的見證,才能完全使人信服聖經確實是上帝的聖言(約16:13-14;約壹2:20,27;約20:31)。
四.聖經的主要教訓
5問:聖經對人主要的教訓是什麼?
答:聖經對人主要的教訓是:人 對上帝當信什麼,上帝要人當盡什麼本分(提後1:13)。
6問:聖經顯明上帝的什麼方面?
答:聖經顯明:
(1) 上帝是怎樣的上帝(來11:6);
(2) 上帝的位格(約貳5:17);
(3) 上帝的預旨(徒15:14-15,18)及其施行(徒4:27-28)。
五.上帝的屬性
7問:上帝是怎樣的上帝?
答:(1)上帝是個靈(約4:24),祂的存有(出3:14;伯11:7-9)、榮耀(徒7:2)、可讚(提前6:15)和完全(太5:48),在祂自身都是無限的;
(2)上帝自足(創17:1),永恆(詩90:2),永不改變(瑪3:6;雅1:17),不可測 度(王上8:27),無所不在(詩139:1-13),無所不能(啟4:8),無所不知(來4:13;詩147:5),至智(羅16:27),至聖(賽6:3;啟15:4),至公(申32:4),至慈,長久忍耐,有豐盛的慈愛和誠實(出34:6)。
六.上帝的獨一性
8問:上帝是獨一的嗎?
答:上帝是獨一無二、又真又活的(申6:4;林前8:4,6;耶 10:10)。
七.上帝的位格性
9問:上帝共有幾個位格?
答:上帝共有三個位格:聖父, 聖子,聖靈;這三個位格是同一真實、永恆的上帝,同質,同權,同榮;但各有不同的特性(約壹5:7;太 3:16-17;28:19;林後13:14;約10:30)。
10問:上帝的這三個位格各有什麼特性?
答:在永恆中,聖父生聖子(來1:5-6,8),聖子受生於聖父(約1:14,18),聖靈由聖父與聖子發出(約15:26;加4:6)。
11問:如何曉得聖子、聖靈與聖父同為上 帝?
答:聖經把惟獨屬於上帝的名字(賽6:3,5,8;比較約 12:41;徒28:25;約壹5:20;徒5:3-4)、 屬性(約1:1;賽9:6;約2:24-25;林前2:10-11)、作為(西1:16;創1:2)和敬拜(太28:19;林後13:14),也歸於聖子和聖靈,這就顯明祂們與聖父同為上帝。
八.上帝的預旨
12問:上帝的預旨是什麼?
答:上帝的預旨乃是祂旨意的智慧、自由、聖潔的行動計劃(弗1:11;羅 11:33;9:14-15,18),由此祂從永世便為祂 自己的榮耀,不變地預定了歷史中要發生的一切(弗1:4,11;羅9:22-23;詩33:11),特別是關於天使和人類之事。
13問:關於天使和人類,上帝特別的預旨是 什麼?
答:關於天使和人類,上帝特別的預旨是:
(1)上帝惟獨出於祂自己的慈 愛,為了使祂榮耀的恩典得著稱讚,在日期滿足的時候,就藉著祂永恆不變的預旨,揀選了一部分天使得榮耀(提前5:21);
(2)並在基督裡,揀選了一部 分人得永生,且預定了得永生的途徑(弗1:4-6;帖後2:13-14);
(3)並因著祂的主權和不可測 度的旨意(祂由此隨己意施與恩典,或不施與),置其餘的人於不顧,預定他們因自身的罪而遭受羞辱和震怒,使祂榮耀的公義得著稱讚(羅9:17-18,21-22; 太11:25-26;提後2:20;猶4;彼前2:8)。
14問:上帝怎樣實施祂的預旨?
答:上帝根據祂無謬的預知,並祂自由且不變的旨意,在創造和護理之工 中,實施祂的預旨(弗1:11)。
九.上帝的創造之工
15問:上帝的創造之工是什麼?
答:上帝的創造之工就是:起初,上帝用祂權能的話,為祂自己,在六日之內,從無中創造了世界及其中的萬物,並且都是很好的(創1;來11:3;箴 16:4)。
十.上帝創造天使
16問:上帝怎樣造天使?
答:上帝創造了所有的天使(西1:16),乃是靈體(詩104:4)、不滅(太22:30)、聖潔(太25:31)、卓有知識(撒下14:17;太 24:36)、大有權能(帖後1:7),為的是執行上帝的吩咐,讚美祂的聖名(詩103:20-21),但天使能夠改變(彼後2:4)。
十一.上帝創造人
17問:上帝怎樣造人的?
答:(1)上帝在創造了其它各 樣受造物之後就造了人,乃是造男造女(創1:27);
(2)用地上的泥土造了男人的 身體(創2:7),用男人的肋骨造了女 人的身體(創2:22),賦予他們活潑的、 理性的、不滅的靈魂(創2:7;伯35:11;傳12:7;太10:28;路23:43);
(3)按祂自己的形像造了他們(創1:27;),有知識(西3:10)、公義和聖潔(弗4:24);
(4)把上帝的律法刻在他們的 心中(羅2:14-15),並賜給他們 遵行的力量(傳7:29),和治理萬物的權柄(創1:28);但人也能夠墮落(創3:6;傳7:29)。
十二.上帝的護理之工
18問:上帝的護理之工是什麼?
答:上帝的護理之工是:
(1) 祂至聖(詩145:17)、至智(詩104:24;賽28:29)、至能地保守(來1:3)並治理(詩103:19)祂所創造的萬有;
(2) 祂統管它們,以及它們所有的行動(太10:29-31;創45:7),使祂自己得榮耀(羅11:36;賽63:14)。
十三.上帝對天使的護理
19問:上帝對天使的護理是什麼?
答:為使自己得榮耀,上帝藉其護理,
(1) 容許某些天使,故意地、不可挽回地墮落在罪和毀滅之中(猶6;彼後2:4;來 2:16;約8:44),並對此以及他們所有的罪加以限制 和統管(伯1:12;太8:31);
(2) 使其餘的天使在聖潔和喜樂之中得以堅固(提前5:21;可8:38;來 12:22);
(3) 又隨自己的美意使用他們(詩104:4),施行祂的權柄、憐憫和公義(王下19:35;來1:14)。
十四.上帝對人的護理
20問:上帝對起初受造狀態中的人有什麼護 理?
答:上帝對起初受造狀態中的人有以下的護理:
(1) 把他安置在樂園裡,吩咐他修理看守,賜給他吃地上各樣果子的自由(創2:8,15-16);
(2) 萬物都置於他的治理之下(創1:28),並設立婚姻幫助他(創2:18);
(3) 為他提供與上帝的交通(創1:26-29;創3:8);
(4) 設立安息日(創2:3);
(5) 以個人、完全、持續的順服為條件(加3:12;羅10:5),與他立生命之約,生命樹就是此約的信物(創2:9);
(6) 禁止他吃分別善惡樹上的果子,違約的懲罰就是死,(創2:17)。
十五.始祖的墮落
21問:我們的始祖守住起初受造的狀況了 嗎?
答:我們的始祖既有意志的自由,因著撒但的誘惑,吃了禁果,違背了上帝 的誡命,就從起初受造的無罪狀況中墮落了(創3:6-8,13;傳7:29;林後11:3)。
十六.亞當的代表性
22問:全人類都在亞當的首次犯罪中墮落了 嗎?
答:因為上帝與亞當立約的時候,亞當作為眾人的代表,不僅是為自己,也 是為他的後裔立約,所以那藉常例而生,由他傳下的全人類(徒17:26),都在他裡面犯了 罪,在他的首次犯罪中與他一同墮落了(創2:16-17;羅5:12-20;林前15:21-22)。
十七.原罪
23問:墮落使人類處於什麼狀況之中?
答:墮落使人處於罪惡和愁苦的狀況之中(羅5:12;3:23)。
24問:罪是什麼?
答:罪就是不遵行或違背上帝的任何一條律法,律法是上帝賜給有理性的受 造物的標準(約壹3:4;加 3:10,12)。
25問:墮落後,人陷於怎樣的罪惡狀況中?
答:墮落後,人陷於以下的罪惡狀況中:亞當第一次犯罪所負的罪債(羅5:12,19),受造時公義的喪失和整個人性的敗壞,由此而對一切屬靈的善徹底嫌惡,也無能為力,而且背道而馳,一 心傾向各樣邪惡,並持續如此(羅3:10-19; 弗2:1-3;羅5:6;8:7-8;創6:5);這就是 通常所說的原罪,並由此生髮各樣的本罪(雅1:14-15;太15:19)。
26問:原罪如何從我們的始祖傳遞到他們的 後裔?
答:原罪從我們的始祖傳遞到他們的後裔,是藉著自然的生殖。因此,所有 以此方式從他們生出的人,都是在罪中受孕、出生的(詩51:5;伯14:4;15:14;約3:6)。
十八.罪所導致的懲罰
27問:墮落給人帶來什麼愁苦?
答:墮落使人類喪失了與上帝的交通(創3:8,10,24),招致祂的不悅和咒詛;因此,我們生來就是可怒之子(弗2:2-3)、撒但的奴僕(提後2:26),按照公義,我們 今生和來世所受的一切懲罰都是當得的(創2:17;哀3:39;羅6:23;太25:41,46;猶7)。
28問:罪在今生所帶來的懲罰是什麼?
答:罪在今生所帶來的懲罰有:
(1) 內在的懲罰:如悟性的混昧(弗4:18),被棄的感覺(羅1:28),強烈的妄想(帖後2:11),心靈的剛硬(羅2:5),良心的懼怕(賽33:14;創4:13;太27:4),和情感的卑劣(羅1:26)。
(2) 外在的懲罰:如上帝因我們犯罪的緣故咒詛世界(創3:17),有各樣的災難臨到我們的身體、名譽、財產、關係和職業(申28:15-18),還有死亡(羅6:21,23)。
29問:罪在來生所帶來的懲罰是什麼?
答:罪在來生所帶來的懲罰是: 與上帝美好的同在永遠隔絕,靈魂和身體永遠在地獄的烈火中遭受極難忍受的煎熬,永不止息(帖後1:9;可9:43-44,46,48;路16:24)。
十九.行為之約
30問:上帝任憑全人類在罪惡和愁苦中滅亡 嗎?
答:不是。全人類都落入罪惡和愁苦中(帖前5:9),是因為第一個約被違背了,即通常所說的行為之約(加3:10,12);但上帝並沒有任憑他們都在這一狀態中滅亡;相反,惟獨出於祂的慈愛和憐憫,藉著第二個約,即通常 所說的恩典之約,把祂的選民從中救拔出來,帶領他們進入得救的狀態(多3:4-7;加3:21;羅3:20-22)。
二十.恩典之約
31問:上帝與誰立此恩典之約呢?
答這恩典之約是與作為第二個亞當的基督而立的,並在祂裡面,與作為其後 裔的所有選民而立的(加3:16; 羅5:15-21;賽53:10-11)。
32問:上帝的恩典是如何在第二個約中顯明 的?
答:上帝的恩典顯明在第二個約之中,
(1) 在此約里白白地向罪人提供了一位中保(創3:15;賽42:6;約6:27),使他們靠祂得生命和救恩(約壹5:11-12);
(2) 並要求以信心作為與祂聯合的條件(約3:16;1:12),應許並賜給祂的選民聖靈(箴1:23),在他們心中生成這種信心(林後4:13),及其它與救恩相伴 的美德(加5:22-23);
(3) 使他們能夠虔敬順服(結36:27),作為真信心(雅2:18,22)和對上帝感恩(林後5:14-15)的憑據,這 一切就是祂所命定給他們的得救之路(弗2:18)。
二十一.恩典之約的施行
33問:這恩典之約始終是以同一種方式施行 嗎?
答:這恩典之約並非始終是以同一種方式施行,在舊約之下的施行與在新約 之下的施行並不相同(林後3:6-9)。
34問:在舊約之下,這恩典之約是如何施行 的?
答:在舊約之下,這恩典之約是藉著應許(羅15:8)、預言(徒3:20,24)、獻祭(來10:1)、割禮(羅4:11)、逾越節(林前5:7)及其它預表和各種蒙恩之道而施行的。這些都是以後來臨的基督的預表,在那時足夠建造選民對所應許的彌 賽亞的信心(來8,9,10;11:13),使他們因祂過犯得以完全赦免,得蒙永遠的救恩(加3:7-9,14)。
35問:在新約之下,這恩典之約是如何施行 的?
答:在新約之下,恩典之約的實體(基督)顯明出來,這同一恩典之約過去 是、現在仍然是藉著聖言的傳講(可16:15)、洗禮(太28:19-20)和聖餐(林前11:23-25)的施行而施行的;其中,恩典和救贖更豐盛、更顯明、更有果效地向列國萬民發出(林後3:6-9;來8:6,10-11;太28:19)。
二十二.恩典之約的中保
36問:誰是這恩典之約的中保?
答:這恩典之約的惟一中保就是主耶穌基督(提前2:5),祂是上帝的永恆之子,與父同質同權(約1:1,14;10:30;腓2:6),及至時候滿足,降世為人(加4:4),從那時起就一直是上帝和人,兩性全然不同,存於一個位格之中,直到永遠(路1:35;羅9:5;西2:9;來7:24-25)。
37問:上帝之子基督是如何降世為人的?
答:上帝之子基督降世為人,是自己取了人實在的身體和理性的靈魂(約1:14;太26:38),藉著聖靈的大能在童貞女馬利亞腹中成孕,由她取了人性,從她出生(路1:27,31,35,42;加4:4),只是沒有罪(來4:15;來7:26)。
二十三.中保的資格
38問:為什麼這一中保必須是上帝呢?
答:這一中保必須是上帝,
(1) 如此祂才能維繫並保持其人性,不至於在上帝的無限憤怒和死亡的權勢之下沉淪(徒2:24-25;羅1:4,比較羅4:25;來 9:14);
(2) 使祂的受苦、順服和代禱有價值和果效(徒20:28;來9:14;7:25-28);
(3) 滿足上帝的公義(羅3:24-26),獲得祂的 恩寵(弗1:6;太3:17),贖買一群特定的子民(多2:13-14),把祂的靈 賜給他們(加4:6),征服他們所有的仇敵(路1:68-69,71,74), 使他們永遠得救(來5:8-9;9:11-15)。
39問:為什麼這一中保必須是人呢?
答:這一中保必須是人,
(1) 如此祂才能增進我們的性情(來2:16),順服律法(加4:4),在我們的性情中為我們受苦,並為我們代禱(來2:14;7:24-25),體恤我們的軟弱(來4:15);
(2) 並使我們可以得兒子的名分(加4:5),得安慰,坦然無懼地來到施恩寶座前(來4:16)。
40問:為什麼這一中保必須既是上帝又是 人,且在一個位格中呢?
答:這一中保,既然要使上帝與人和好,就必須自己既是上帝又是人,且在 一個位格之中,使每一性都各盡其職,作為整個位格的工作為我們而被上帝悅納(太1:21,23;3:17;來9:14),並且成為我們的依靠(彼前2:6)。
二十四.中保的名稱
41問:為什麼我們的中保被稱為耶穌呢?
答:我們的中保之所以被稱為耶穌,是因為祂要把祂自己的百姓從罪中救出 來(太1:21)。
42問:為什麼我們的中保被稱為基督呢?
答:我們的中保之所以被稱為基督,是因為祂受聖靈無限量地膏抹(約3:34;詩45:7);並分別出來,具備各樣的權柄和能力(約6:27;太28:18-20),為其教會(腓2:8-11)執行先知(徒3:21-22;路4:18,21)、祭司(來5:5-7;4:14-15)與 君王(詩2:6,太21:5;賽 9:6-7)的職分,祂處於升高和降卑中都是如此。
二十五.中保的職分
43問:基督怎樣履行先知的職分?
答:基督藉著祂的聖靈和聖言(彼前1:10-12),在各個時代,以各種不同的施行方式(來1:1-2),在關乎他們的造就和救贖的一切事宜上(徒20:32;弗4:11-13;約20:31),向教會啟示(約1:18)上帝全備的旨意(約15:15),如此便履行了先知的職分。
44問:基督如何履行祭司的職分?
答:基督為祂百姓的罪,將自己作為無瑕疵的祭品,一次向上帝獻上(來9:14,28),使上帝與他們和好(來2:17),並為他們繼續代 禱(來7:25),如此就履行了祭司的職分。
45問:基督如何履行君王的職分?
答:基督履行君王的職分,
(1) 祂從世界中召出一個民族歸祂自己(徒15:14-16;賽55:4-5;創49:10;詩110:3),賜給他們聖職人員(弗4:11-12;林前12:28)、律法(賽33:22)和裁決,祂以此有形的方式治理他們(太18:17-18;林前5:4-5);
(2) 把救贖恩典賜給選民(徒5:31),報償他們的順服(啟22:12;2:10),糾正他們的過犯(啟3:19),在各樣的試探和 苦難中保守並支持他們(賽63:9),遏制並戰勝他們所有的仇敵(林前15:25;詩110:1-2),為祂自己的榮耀(羅14:10-11),並為他 們的益處(羅8:28),大有權能地吩咐萬有;
(3) 並報應其餘那些不認識上帝,不順服福音的人(帖後1:8-9;詩2:8-9);如此就履行了君王的職分。
二十六.基督的降卑
46問:基督的降卑在於什麼?
答:基督的降卑在於祂為了我們的緣故,倒空自己的榮耀,取了奴僕的樣 式,受孕、降生、生活、受死,以及死後,直到復活,都處於卑微的狀況中(腓2:6-8;路1:31;林後8:9;徒2:24)。
47問:在祂的成孕和降生中,基督是如何謙 卑自己的?
答:基督在祂的成孕和降生中謙卑自己,是在於祂身為上帝的永恆之子,從 父的懷中,在時候滿足的時候,甘願成為人子,由一位卑微的女人生成,且從她而生;其所處的各樣環境,比一般的屈尊更甚(約1:14,18;加4:4;路2:7)。
48問:在祂的生活中,基督是如何謙卑自己 的?
答:基督在祂的生活中謙卑自己,是在於:
(1) 祂自己順服律法(加4:4),完美地成全律法(太5:17;羅5:19);
(2) 並且面對世上的各樣侮辱(詩22:6;來12:2-3),撒但的試探(太4:1-12;路4:13),自 己肉身的軟弱,這些或是常見於人的性情,或是特別與祂的降卑狀態相伴(來2:17-18;4:15;賽52:13-14)。
49問:在祂的受死中,基督是如何謙卑自己 的?
答:基督在祂的受死中謙卑自己,是在於:
(1) 為猶大背叛(太27:4),被門徒離棄(太26:56),受世人的嘲弄和棄絕(賽53:2-3),被彼拉多定 罪,遭執法人員的折磨(太27:26-50; 約19:34);
(2) 為死亡的恐怖、黑暗的權勢所苦,承受上帝的憤怒(路22:44;太27:46),為罪捨己,作為奉獻(賽53:10),忍受十字架上 痛苦的、羞恥的、受咒詛的死亡(腓2:8; 來12:2;加3:13)。
50問:基督死後的降卑在於什麼?
答:基督死後的降卑是在於祂被埋葬(林前15:3-4),持續處於死亡的狀態中,處在死亡的權勢之下,直到第三日(詩16:10;徒2:24-27,31;羅6:9;太 12:40);用另外的詞彙表達,就是祂降在陰間。
二十七.基督的升高
51問:基督的升高在於什麼?
答:基督的升高在於祂的複活(林前15:4)、升天(可16:19),坐在父的右邊(弗1:20),將來再臨,審判世界(徒1:11;17:31)。
52問:在祂的複活中,基督是如何升高的?
答:基督在祂的複活中升高,在於:
(1) 祂未在死亡中見朽壞,因為祂不可能被死拘禁(徒2:24,27),基督以祂受苦時同樣的身體,同樣的屬性(路24:39),但是沒有必死性,也沒有其它凡人共有的軟弱,真的與祂的靈魂聯合(羅6:9;啟1:18),祂第三天靠祂自己的權柄從死裡復活(約10:18);
(2) 因此,祂宣告自己是上帝的兒子(羅1:4),滿足了上帝的公義(羅8:34),征服了死亡和死亡 權勢的執掌者(來2:14),成為活人和死人的主(羅14:9);
(3) 祂作為公僕(林前15:21-22),教會的 元首(弗1:20,22-23;西 1:18),行這些事,目的是為了使他們稱義(羅4:25),在恩典中長進(弗2:1,5-6;西2:12), 支持他們抵擋仇敵(林前15:25-27),並保證他們在末日的時候從死裡復活(林前15:20)。
53問:在祂的升天中,基督是如何升高的?
答:基督在祂的升天中升高,在於:
(1) 祂復活之後,向門徒顯現,並同他們說話,談及上帝國度之事(徒1:2-3),賜給他們向列國傳福音的使命(太28:19-20);
(2) 在復活四十天之後,祂以我們的性情,作為我們的元首(來6:20),勝過仇敵(弗4:8),在眾目注視之下升 上高天,為人領受諸多的恩賜(徒1:9-11; 弗4:10;詩68:18),把我們的情感提升到彼處(西3:1-2),
(3) 為我們預備地方(約14:3),祂自己也在那 裡,直到世界的末了,再次降臨(徒3:21)。
54問:基督坐在父的右邊,祂是如何在此事 中升高的?
答:基督坐在父的右邊,祂的升高是在於:
(1) 祂既是上帝,又是人,得到父上帝至高的恩寵(腓2:9),滿有喜樂(徒2:28;詩16:11)、 榮耀(約17:5),並得到勝過天上地上的一切權柄(弗1:22;彼前3:22);
(2) 聚集並護衛祂的教會,征服他們的仇敵;用各樣的恩賜和恩典(弗4:10-12;詩110:1),裝備祂的僕人和子民,並為他們 代禱(羅8:34)。
二十八.基督的代禱
55問:基督是如何代禱的?
答:基督為我們代禱,在於:
(1) 祂以我們的性情,始終不渝地出現在天父面前(來9:12,24),因著祂在地上順服與獻祭的功勞(來1:3),宣告祂的旨意是要把這功勞應用到所有的信徒身上(約3:16;17:9,20,24);
(2) 回擊一切對他們的控告(羅8:33-34),為他們達 成良心的平安,儘管他們天天有失敗之處(羅5:1-2;約壹2:1-2), 仍使他們坦然無懼地來到施恩寶座前(來4:16),並使他們本人(弗1:6)和服事都蒙悅納(彼前2:5)。
二十九.基督的再來
56問:基督將來再臨,審判世界,祂是如何 在此事中升高的?
答:基督將來再臨,審判世界,祂在此事中的升高在於:祂雖受到不義的審 判,並被惡人定罪(徒3:14-15),卻要在末日之時,大有權能地再臨(太24:30),完全彰顯祂自己和父的榮耀,與千萬的聖天使(路9:26;太25:31), 在呼叫聲中,隨著天使長的聲音,與上帝的角聲(帖前4:16),以公義審判這個世 界(徒17:31)。
三十.基督贏得的恩惠
57問:藉其 中保的工作,基督贏得了什麼恩惠?
答:藉其中保的工作,基督贏得了救贖(來9:12),以及其它所有的恩典之約的恩惠(林後1:20)。
58問:我們怎能分享基督所買贖的恩惠呢?
答:我們分享基督所買贖的恩惠,乃是藉著聖靈上帝特別的工作(多3:5-6),把這些恩惠賜給我們(約1:11-12)。
59問:誰與基督的救贖有份呢?
答:救贖是確定地賜給並有效地傳遞給所有基督買贖的人(弗1:13-14;約6:37,39;10:15-16);及至時候滿足,聖靈就使他們能夠照著福音歸信基督(弗2:8;林後4:13)。
三十一.未聽信福音之人的狀況
60問:那些從未聽過福音,既不認識也不相 信基督耶穌的人,根據自然之光生活,能夠由此得救嗎?
答:那些從未聽過福音(羅10:14),因此既不認識基督耶穌(帖 後1:8-9;弗2:12;約1:10-12),也不相信祂的人,即使他們殷勤地根據自然之光(林前1:20-24),或他們所認信的宗教誡命,來調整自己的生活(約4:22;羅9:31-32;腓3:4-9),也不會得救(約8:24;可16:16); 耶穌之外,別無救贖(徒4:12),惟獨祂是教會全體的救主(弗5:23)。
三十二.聽過福音之人的狀況
61問:那些聽過福音,並參加教會生活的 人,是不是都得救了?
答:並不是所有聽過福音,並參加有形教會生活的人,都得救了;惟有那些 無形教會的真成員才是得救的(約12:38-40; 羅9:6;太22:14;太7:21;羅11:7)。
三十三.有形教會及其特權
62問:有形教會是什麼?
答:有形教會就是由世上各個時代、各個地方認信真宗教的人(林前1:2;12:13;羅15:9-12;啟7:9;詩 2:8;詩22:27-31;詩45:17;太28:19-20;賽59:21),和他們的子女(林前7:14;徒2:39;羅11:16;創17:7)所組成的一個群體。
63問:有形教會有什麼特權?
答:有形教會的特權是:
(1) 處於上帝的特別看顧和護理之下(賽4:5-6;提前4:10);
(2) 儘管有各種仇敵的抵擋,仍在各個時代中得蒙保守(詩115;賽31:4-5;亞12:2-4,8-9);
(3) 享有聖徒的交通,和通常的蒙恩之道(徒2:39,42),以及耶穌在福音事奉中向其所有成員發出的恩典的邀約,見證一切信祂的人都會得救(詩147:19-20;羅9:4;弗4:11-12;可 16:15-16),凡來到祂面前的人,都不會被丟棄(約6:37)。
三十四.無形教會及其特權
64問:無形教會是什麼?
答:無形教會包括過去、現在、未來,在元首基督名下聚集歸一的所有選民(弗1:10,22-23;約10:16;11:52)。
65問:藉著基督,無形教會的成員享有什麼 特殊的恩惠?
答:藉著基督,無形教會的成員在恩典與榮耀裡享有與祂的合一和交通(約17:21;弗2:5-6;約17:24)。
三十五.選民與基督的合一
66問:選民所享有與基督的合一是什麼?
答:選民所享有的與基督的合一,是上帝恩典的作為(弗1:22,2:6-8),他們由此雖是屬靈地、神秘地,卻是真正地、不可分離地,與他們的元首和丈夫基督聯合(林前6:17;約10:28;弗5:23,30);這是在有效的恩召中所成就的(彼前5:10;林前1:9)。
三十六.有效的恩召
67問:什麼是有效的恩召?
答:有效的恩召是上帝的大能和恩典的作為(約5:25;弗1:18-20;提後1:8-9),
(1) 祂出於對其選民白白和特別的愛,並不是因為他們身上有什麼促使祂行動的東西(多3:4-5;弗2:4-5,7-9;羅9:11);
(2) 在祂所悅納的日子,藉著祂的聖言和聖靈,邀請並吸引他們歸向基督耶穌(林後5:20,比較林後6:1-2;約6:44;帖後 2:13-14);
(3) 救贖性地啟迪他們的心思(徒26:18;林前2:10,12),更新並大有權能地決定他們的意志(結11:19;36:26-27;約6:45),
(4) 使得已經死在罪惡之中的他們變得甘心樂意,能夠自由爽快地回應祂的呼召,領受其中所顯明並傳遞的恩 典(弗2:5;腓2:13;申 30:6)。
68問:惟獨選民得蒙有效的恩召嗎?
答:所有的選民,而且惟獨他們,得蒙有效的恩召(徒13:48);儘管其他人或許,也經常是,藉著上帝聖言的服事,蒙受外部的呼召(太22:14),並且有聖靈的普通運行(太7:22;13:20-21;來6:4-6);但他們故意忽略、輕視向他們所顯明的恩典,就被公義地棄置於他們自己的不信之中,絕不會真正地歸向耶穌基督(約12:38-40;徒28:25-27;約 6:64-65;詩81:11-12)。
三十七.選民在恩典中與基督的交通
69問:無形教會的成員在恩典裡所享有的與 基督的交通是什麼?
答:無形教會的成員在恩典裡所享有的與基督的交通,是在於與祂中保的功 勞有份,在稱義(羅8:30),得兒子的名分(弗1:5),成聖,以及今生的 一切事宜上,都顯明他們與基督的合一(林前1:30)。
三十八.稱義
70問:稱義是什麼?
答:(1)稱義是上帝的作為, 祂白白地把恩典賜予罪人(羅3:22,24-25;4:5);
(2)由此赦免他們所有的罪, 接納他們,並在祂的眼中算他們為義(林後5:19,21;羅3:22,24-25,27-28);
(3)並不是因為他們自己有什 麼,也不是因為他們作了什麼(多3:5,7;弗1:7);
(4)而是惟獨因為基督的完美 的順服和完全的補償,由上帝歸算在他們的身上(羅5:17-19;羅4:6-8);
(5)且是惟獨藉著信心才能領 受的(徒10:43; 加2:16;腓3:9)。
三十九.稱義與恩典
71問:為什麼說稱義是上帝白白恩典的作為 呢?
答:儘管基督藉其順服和受死,確實代表那些被稱義之人,對上帝的公義, 作出了適當的、真正的、完全的補償(羅5:8-10,19);但是, 因為上帝是從一個保證人接受補償,這也是祂可以要求他們的,而且上帝確實提供了這一保證人,就是祂的獨生子(提前2:5-6;來10:10;太20:28;但 9:24,26;賽53:4-6,10-12;來7:22;羅8:32;彼前1:18- 19),把祂的義歸算在他們身上(林後5:21),使他們惟獨藉著信稱義(羅3:24-25),向他們別無 所求,這信心也是祂的恩賜(弗2:8),所以,他們的稱義是因著白白的恩典歸給他們的(弗1:7)。
四十.稱義與信心
72問:使人稱義的信心是什麼?
答:使人稱義的信心是:
(1)使人稱義的信心是一種上 帝所賜的與救恩相伴的美德(來10:39),由聖靈(林後4:13;弗1:17-19)和聖言(羅10:14,17)在罪人的 心中做成,使他確知自己的罪和愁苦,自己和其他任何受造者都不能救他脫離失喪之境(徒2:37;徒16:30;約16:8-9;羅5:6;弗2:1;徒4:12);
(2)使人稱義的信心不僅贊同 福音應許的真實性(弗1:13),而且接受並信靠福音所應許的基督和祂的義,從此罪得赦免(約1:12;徒16:31,10:43),在上帝的眼中,得蒙悅納,被算為義,以致得救(腓3:9;徒15:11)。
73問:在上帝的眼中,信心如何使罪人稱義 呢?
答:在上帝的眼中,信心使罪人稱義,
(1) 絕不是因為隨之而來的其它美德,或信心所結的善行的果子(加3:11;羅3:28),也不是說信心這一美德、或信心的行為可算為他的義(羅4:5,比較羅10:10);
(2) 只是因為信心是器皿,罪人由此接受基督和祂的義,並運用在自己的身上(約1:12;腓3:9;加2:16)。
四十一.得兒子的名分
74問:什麼是得兒子的名分?
答:得兒子的名分是上帝的作為,出於祂白白的恩典(約壹3:1)。
(1) 在祂獨生子耶穌基督裡,且是為著祂的緣故而行的(弗1:5;加4:4-5);
(2) 由此那些稱義之人一概被納入眾子的數目(約1:12);
(3) 有祂的名寫在他們上面(林 後6:18;啟3:12);
(4) 領受賜予他們的祂兒子的聖靈(加4:6);
(5) 處於祂父般的眷顧之下(詩103:13;箴14:26;太6:32);
(6) 得享上帝眾子的一切自由和特權,承受各樣的應許,並與基督在榮耀裡同為後嗣(來6:12;羅8:17)。
四十二.成聖
75問:成聖是什麼?
答:成聖是上帝的作為,出於祂白白的恩典。
(1) 由此,那些在創世之前就蒙揀選成為聖潔的人,在日期滿足的時候,藉著聖靈大能的運行(弗1:4;林前6:11;帖後2:13),把基督的受死和復活應用到他們的身上(羅6:4-6),目的在於按上帝的形像使他們的全人得以更新(弗4:23-24);
(2) 有悔改得生以及其它所有與救恩相伴的美德的種子安置在他們的心中(徒11:18;約壹3:9),而且這些美德被挑旺,得增加,受堅固(猶20;來6:11-12;弗3:16-19;西 1:10-11),使他們愈來愈能向罪而死,更有生命的新 樣式(羅6:4,6,14;加 5:24)。
四十三.悔改得生
76問:悔改得生是什麼?
答:悔改得生是一種上帝所賜的與救恩相伴的美德(提後2:25),是聖靈(亞12:10)和聖言(徒11:18,20-21)在罪人的心中做成的,由此,
(1) 罪人意識到罪的危險性(結18:28,30,32;路15:17-18;何2:6-7);
(2) 認識到罪的污穢和醜陋(結36:31;賽30:22);
(3) 領悟上帝在基督裡對悔改者的憐憫(珥2:12-13);
(4) 因此為自己的罪憂傷難過(耶31:18-19);
(5) 並產生恨惡之情(林 後7:11);
(6) 從而轉離一切罪,歸向上帝(徒26:18;結14:6;王上8:47-48);
(7) 並立定心志,竭力以新的順服,在各個方面與主同行(詩119:6,59,128;路1:6;王下23:25)。
四十四.稱義與成聖的不同
77問:稱義與成聖有何不同?
答:雖然稱義與成聖不可分割地聯繫在一起(林前6:11;1:30),但它們仍有不同之處。
(1) 稱義是基督的義的歸算(羅4:6,8),而成聖則是祂注入恩典,使人得以行出(結36:7);
(2) 稱義使罪得赦免(羅3:24-25);成聖使罪 被征服(羅6:6,14);
(3) 稱義使所有的信徒在今生一概脫離上帝的報應之怒,達於完全,使他們不再被定罪了(羅8:33-34);成聖在所有的人身上不盡相同(約壹2:12-14;來5:12-14),今生也沒有任何人能達於完全(約壹1:8,10),而是向著完全不斷長進(林後7:1;腓3:12-14)。
四十五.成聖的不完全性
78問:為何信徒的成聖在今生都不完全呢?
答:信徒的成聖在今生都不完全,這是因為他們身上各個部分仍然有罪的殘 餘,肉體的情慾依然存在,不停地與聖靈相爭;因此,他們經常為試探所擊倒,陷落到許多罪中(羅7:18,23;可14:66;加2:11-12),各種屬靈的事奉常受攔阻(來12:1),即使最好的善行,在上帝的眼中也不完美,仍有污損(賽64:6;出28:38)。
四十六.真信徒得蒙保守
79問:真信徒既不完美,也被諸多的試探和 罪所勝,他們會不會從蒙恩的狀態中墮落呢?
答:不會。因著
(1) 上帝的不變之愛(耶31:3);
(2) 祂按照祂自己的預旨和聖約賜給他們恆忍的力量(提後2:19;來13:20-21;撒下23:5);
(3) 使他們與基督聯合,不可分離(林前1:8-9);
(4) 基督也為他們持續地代禱(來7:25;路22:32);
(5) 聖靈和上帝的種子仍在他們心中(約壹3:9;2:27)
所以,他們既不會完全,也不會最終從蒙恩的狀態中墮落(耶32:40;約10:28),而是得蒙上帝大能的保守,由信得救(彼前1:5)。
四十七.得救的確信
80問:真信徒是否能夠毫無謬誤地確信他們 已經蒙恩,並由此恆忍,直到最終得救?
答:是的。真正歸信基督,努力用無愧的良心行在祂面前的人(約壹2:3),
(1) 毋需另外的特別啟示;
(2) 藉著基於上帝應許之真實性的信心;
(3) 藉著使他們能夠分辨自己是否擁有那些所應許的與新生命相伴的美德(林前2:12;約壹 3:14,18-19,21,24;4:13,16;來6:11-12);
(4) 並與他們的靈同證他們是上帝兒女的聖靈(羅8:16),他們可以毫無謬誤地確信自己已經蒙恩,並由此恆忍,直到最終得救(約壹5:13)。
81問:所有真信徒都是一直確信自己目前已 經蒙恩,並最終得救嗎?
答:對於所有真信徒而言,
(1) 蒙恩得救的確信並不是信心的本質(弗1:13);
(2) 所以,在得到這一確信之前,真信徒或許要長期等候(賽50:10;詩88);
(3) 即使在享有之後,這一確信仍會因著心思煩亂、各樣的罪、遭遇試探和暫時被棄而減弱或中斷(詩77:1-12;51:8,12;31:22;22:1, 歌5:2-3,6);
(4) 聖靈的同在和扶持絕不會全然離開他們,必保守他們不至陷入絕望(約壹3:9;伯13:15;詩73:15,23;賽 54:7-10)。
四十八.選民在榮耀裡與基督的交通
82問:無形教會的成員在榮耀裡所享有的與 基督的交通是什麼?
答:無形教會的成員在榮耀裡所享有的與基督的交通,是在於今生(林後3:18)、死後(路23:43),以及最終在復 活與審判日達於完全的交通(帖前4:17)。
83問:無形教會的成員今生在榮耀裡所享有 的與基督的交通是指什麼?
答:這種交通是指:
(1) 無形教會的成員今生得蒙與基督一同得榮的初熟的果子,因基督是他們的元首,他們是祂的肢體,所以在 祂裡面,與祂所有的榮耀有份(弗2:5-6);
(2) 他們享有上帝的慈愛(羅5:,比較林後1:22), 良知的平安,聖靈裡的喜樂,和榮耀的盼望(羅5:1-2;14:17),這 些都是他們得基業的憑據;
(3) 而惡人則感受到上帝復仇的憤怒,良知的恐懼,對將來審判的畏懼,這些痛苦始於今生,並在死後承受(創4:13;太27:4;來10:27;羅2:9;可 9:44)。
四十九.死亡
84問:所有的人都會死嗎?
答:死亡是罪的工價(羅6:23),所以,按照定命,人人都有一死(來9:27);因為所有的人都犯了罪(羅5:12)。
85問:既然死亡是罪的工價,而義人的罪在 基督裡都蒙赦免,為什麼他們沒有脫離死亡呢?
答:義人在末日的時候就會脫離死亡,即使在死亡之時,也脫離了死亡的毒 鉤和咒詛(林前15:26,55-57; 來2:15);因此,雖然他們也死亡,但這是出於上帝的慈 愛(賽57:1-2;王下 22:20),使他們完全從罪和愁苦中釋放出來(啟14:13;弗5:27),進入榮耀裡,與基督有更深的聯合(路23:43;腓1:23)。
86問:無形教會的成員死後在榮耀裡所享有 的與基督的交通是指什麼?
答:無形教會的成員死後在榮耀裡所享有的與基督的交通,是指:
(1) 那時他們的靈魂在聖潔上達於完全(來12:23),被接入高天(林後5:1,6,8; 腓1:23,比較徒3:21;弗4:10),在光明和榮耀 中得見上帝之面(約壹3:2;林前 13:12),等候他們身體完全的得贖(羅8:23;詩16:9)。
(2) 他們的身體即使在死亡中也與基督繼續聯合(帖前4:14),安息在墳墓裡,如同安息在床上(賽57:2),直到末日與他們的靈魂再次聯合(伯19:26-27)。
(3) 而惡人的靈魂死時被拋進地獄之中,停留在痛苦和徹底的黑暗裡,他們的身體則保留在墳墓裡,如在監獄 中,直到復活和審判的大日(路16:23-24; 徒1:25;猶6-7)。
五十.復活
87問:關於復活,我們當信什麼?
答:我們當信,
(1) 在末日的時候,死人都要復活,不管是義人,還是不義的人(徒24:15);
(2) 那時還活著的人在一剎那間都要改變;那些躺在墳墓中的同一身體要與他們的靈魂重新聯合,不再分離, 因著基督的大能而復活(林前15:21-23; 帖前4:15-17;約5:28-29)。
(3) 義人的身體,因著基督的靈,並藉著他們的元首基督的複活,大有權能地複活,成為屬靈的、不朽壞的, 與基督榮耀的身體一樣(林前15:21-23,42-44; 腓3:21);
(4) 而惡人的身體亦將由基督這被觸怒的審判者,使其在羞辱的狀態中復活過來(約5:27-29;太25:33)。
88問:復活之後,隨即發生什麼?
答:復活之後,隨即所發生的就是
(1) 最終的大審判,天使和人都要受到審判(彼後2:4猶6-7,14-15;太25:46);
(2) 沒有人知道那日那時,所有人都當警醒禱告,時刻預備主的到來(太24:36,42,44;路21:35-36)。
五十一.末後的審判
89問:在審判之日,惡人會承受什麼?
答:在審判之日,惡人將會:
(1) 被置於基督的左邊(太25:33);
(2) 基於確鑿的證據,他們自己的良知完全伏罪(羅2:15-16);
(3) 被公開定罪,承受可怕但卻公平的判決(太25:41-43);
(4) 隨即被拋進地獄之中,被逐於上帝恩惠的同在,以及基督、祂的聖徒,和所有聖天使的榮耀團契之外,身 體靈魂都受懲罰,遭受無法言喻的痛苦,與魔鬼和屬牠的天使在一起,直到永永遠遠(路16:26;帖後1:8-9)。
90問:在審判之日,義人會承受什麼?
答:在審判之日,義人會,
(1) 被提到雲中(帖前4:17);
(2) 到基督面前,坐在祂的右邊,當眾被承認,宣告無罪(太25:33;10:32);
(3) 與基督一同審判被棄的天使和世人(林前6:2-3);
(4) 被接入天堂(太25:34,46);
(5) 完全、永遠地脫離所有的罪和痛苦(弗5:27;啟14:13);
(6) 被無法想像的喜樂充滿(詩16:11);
(7) 在身體和靈魂上都達於完全的聖潔和幸福,與無數的聖徒和聖天使在一起(來12:22-23);
(8) 特別是直接得見父上帝、主耶穌基督和聖靈,得此為樂,直到永遠(約壹3:2;林前13:12;帖前4:17-18)。
這就是無形教會的成員,在復活和審判之日,在榮耀裡與基督所享有的完美 的交通。
五十二.人的本分
91問:上帝要人盡什麼本分?
答:上帝要人所盡的本分是順服祂顯明的旨意(羅12:1-2;彌6:8;撒上15:22)。
五十三.順服的標準
92問:上帝起初向人顯明了什麼作為順服祂 的標準?
答:上帝向處在無罪狀態中的亞當,以及在祂裡面的全人類,所顯明的順服標準,除了禁止吃分別善惡樹上的果子這一特別的誡命之外,就是 道德律(創1:26-27;羅 2:14-15;10:5;創2:17)。
五十四.道德律的性質
93問:道德律是什麼?
答:道德律
(1) 是上帝對人類旨意的宣告,是人當向上帝和他人所盡的聖潔與公義的本分(路1:75;徒24:16);
(2) 指導並約束每個人都必須親自、完全、持續地予以遵行、順服;靈魂與身體全身心地踐行(申5:1-3,31,33;路10:26-27;加 3:10;帖前5:23);
(3) 遵行則有生命的應許,違背則有死亡的後果(羅10:5;加3:10,12)。
五十五.道德律的功用
94問:墮落之後,道德律對人還有什麼作用 呢?
答:墮落之後,沒有人能靠道德律臻達公義和生命(羅8:3;加2:16);但道德律仍然大有用處,不管是未重生的人,還是已重生的人,對所有的人都是如此(提前1:8)。
95問:道德律對所有的人有什麼用處?
答:道德律對所有的人都有用處,
(1) 告訴他們上帝聖潔的屬性和旨意(利11:44-45;利20:7-8;羅7:12);
(2) 告訴他們當盡的責任,並約束他們必須遵行(彌6:8;雅2:10-11);
(3) 使他們知道自己沒有能力遵行,認識到自己的性情、心靈和生命都受到了罪的污染(詩19:11-12;羅3:20;7:7);
(4) 使他們意識到自己的罪和痛苦,從而謙卑自己(羅3:9,23);
(5) 由此幫助他們更加清楚地認識到對基督的需要(加3:21-22),對基督的完全順服的需要(羅10:4)。
96問:對未重生的人,道德律有什麼特別的 用處?
答:對未重生的人,道德律的用處,是在於:
(1) 喚醒他們的良知,使他們逃離將來的憤怒(提前1:9-10);
(2) 促使他們歸向基督(加3:24);
(3) 如果他們繼續處於罪境之中,繼續行罪路,就使他們無可推諉(羅1:20,比較羅2:15);
(4) 並處於罪所帶來的咒詛之下(加3:10)。
97問:對已重生的人,道德律有什麼特別的 用處?
答:對於已經重生、歸信基督之人,雖然道德律對他們已經不再是行為之約(羅6:14;羅7:4,6;加4:4-5),他們既不因之稱義(羅3:20),也不因之定罪(加5:23;羅8:1);但是,除了與所有人共同的用處之外,道德律還有特別的用處,就在於向他們顯明:
(1) 因為基督為他們的益處成全了道德律,替他們承受了咒詛,所以他們對基督有何等的虧欠(羅7:24-25;加3:13-14;羅8:3-4);
(2) 由此激發他們更有感恩之心,並且使他們更加謹守,以道德律為順服的標準加以遵行,從而表達出感恩之 心(羅7:22;12:2;多 2:11-14)。
五十六.道德律的綜述
98問:道德律的綜述是在什麼裡面?
答:道德律的綜述是在十誡之中,這是上帝在西奈山上親口頒布的,並且親 手寫在了兩塊石版上(申10:4; 出34:1-4);記錄在《出埃及記》20章。前四誡是我們對上帝當盡的本分,後六誡是我們對人當盡的本分(太22:37-40)。
五十七.理解十誡的規則
99問:要正確理解十誡,應當遵守什麼規 則?
答:要正確理解十誡,以下的規則應予遵守:
(1)律法是全備的,約束每個 人都必須完全遵守,以全人完全合乎其中之義,完全順服,直到永遠;因此,律法要求人完備地履行每一當盡的責任,即使最微小的犯罪也予以禁止(詩19:7;雅2:10;太5:21-22)。
(2)律法是屬靈的,關涉到悟 性、意志、情感以及靈魂的其它所有能力,涵蓋言語、行為和姿態(羅7:14;申6:5;太22:37-39,比較太5:21-22,27-28,33-34,37-39,43-44)。
(3)同樣的事物,在不同的方 面,在不同的誡命中有所要求或禁止(西3:5;摩8:5;箴1:19;提前6:10)。
(4)吩咐某一責任,就是禁止 與此相反的罪行(賽58:13; 申6:13,比較太4:9-10;15:4-6);禁止人 犯一種罪,就是命令人去完成與該罪行相反的責任(太5:21-25;弗4:28)。 同樣,何處附加了應許,就包括了與之相反的警告(出20:12;箴30:17); 何處附加了警告,就包括了與之相反的應許(耶18:7-8;出20:7,比較詩15:1,4-5;詩24:4-5)。
(5)凡上帝所禁止的,絕不要 去行(伯13:7-8; 羅3:8;伯36:21;來11:25);凡上帝所吩咐 的,則始終是我們的責任(申4:8-9);但是,並不是在所有的時間,都要完成每一個責任(太12:7)。
(6)在一個罪或責任之下,所 有同類的罪也受到禁止,同類的責任也在所吩咐的範圍之內;連同所有的原因、途徑、場合、表現、挑釁都在內(太5:21-22,27-28;15:4-6;來 10:24-25;帖前5:22;猶23;加5:26;西3:21)。
(7)凡向我們所禁止或所吩咐 的,我們都有責任根據自己的身份地位,並根據他人在其身份地位上當盡的本分,努力使他人避免或遵行(出20:10;利19:17;創18:19;書24:15; 申6:6-7)。
(8)凡向他人所吩咐的,我們 都有責任根據我們的地位和職分,幫助他們實現(林後1:24);凡禁止他們去行的,我們也要注意不要與他們有份(提前5:22;弗5:11)。
100問:在十誡中,我們要考察什麼特別的 事項?
答:在十誡中,我們要考察序言、十誡本身的精義和某些誡命所附加的各種 理由,使我們更加謹守遵行。
五十八.十誡的序言
101問:十誡的序言是什麼?
答:十誡的序言就是:“我是耶 和華你的上帝,曾將你從埃及地為奴之家領出來” (出20:2)。上帝從中顯明了 祂的主權,祂是耶和華,是永恆、不變、全能的上帝(賽44:6);祂是自有永有的(出3:14),祂的話語(出6:3)和作為(徒17:24,28)都由祂而出:
(1) 祂是立約的上帝,與過去的以色列人立約,也與祂所有的子民立約(創17:7,比較羅3:29);
(2) 正如祂帶領以色列人擺脫了埃及地的捆綁,同樣也把我們從屬靈的奴役下釋放出來(路1:74-75);
(3) 因此,我們視祂為我們獨一的上帝,遵行祂一切的誡命,是義不容辭的(彼前1:15-18;利18:30,19:37)。
五十九.前四誡精義
102問:前四誡中包含了的我們對上帝的責任,其精義是什麼?
答:前四誡中包含了我們對上帝的責任,其精義是盡心、盡性、盡力、盡意 愛主我們的上帝(路10:27)。
六十.第一條誡命
103問:第一條誡命是什麼?
答:第一條誡命是:“在我面 前,你不可有別的神” (出20:3)。
104問:在第一條誡命中,吩咐我們盡什麼 責任?
答:在第一條誡命中吩咐我們:
(1) 認識並承認上帝是獨一的真上帝,我們的上帝(代上28:9;申26:17;賽43:10;耶14:22);
(2) 並要如此去崇拜、榮耀祂(詩95:6-7;太4:10;詩29:2)、思念(瑪3:16)、默想(詩63:6)、記念(傳12:1)、尊崇(詩71:19)、尊敬(瑪1:6)、敬慕(賽45:23)、選擇(書24:15,22)、摯愛(申6:5)、愛慕(詩73:25)、敬畏祂(賽8:13);
(3) 相信祂(出14:31);
(4) 依靠祂(賽26:4),仰望祂(詩130:7),靠祂快樂(詩32:11),以祂為樂(詩37:4);
(5) 為祂發熱心,以祂的忌邪為心(羅12:11;民25:11);
(6) 向祂呼籲,把一切的讚美和感恩都歸於祂(腓4:6),並以全人順服祂(耶7:23;雅4:7);
(7) 在一切的事情上都留心得蒙祂的悅納(約壹3:22),為所有得罪祂的事情而憂傷(耶31:18;詩119:136);
(8) 並且存謙卑的心與祂同行(彌6:8)。
105問:在第一條誡命中,禁止什麼罪?
答:在第一條誡命中所禁止的罪是:
(1) 否定上帝或不承認上帝存在的無神論(詩14:1;弗2:12);
(2) 相信或崇拜多位神,或崇拜真上帝之外的任何神,以及在崇拜真上帝的同時還拜別神的偶像崇拜(耶2:27-28;帖前1:9);
(3) 不承認祂為上帝,為我們的上帝(詩81:11);
(4) 忽視在這一誡命中所吩咐的祂所當得的任何事物(賽43:22-24);
(5) 無知(耶4:22;何4:1,6)、 忘記(耶2:32)、誤解(徒17:23,29)、謬見(賽40:18),與祂不相配的邪惡思想(詩50:21);
(6) 肆無忌憚,窺探祂的隱秘(申29:29);
(7) 各樣的褻瀆(多1:16;來12:16), 對上帝的怨恨(羅1:30);
(8) 專顧自己(提後3:2),一心尋求自己的益 處(腓2:21),以及其它所有放蕩無羈地把我們的心思、意志、情感置於其它事物上,或全部或部分偏離祂的事情(約壹2:15-16;撒上2:29;西3:2,5);
(9) 輕信(約壹4:1)、不信(來3:12)、異端(加5:20;多3:10)、誤 信(徒26:9)、懷疑(詩78:22)、失望(創4:13)、固執(耶5:3),在審判之下仍然麻 木不仁(賽42:25),心裡剛硬(羅2:5)、驕傲(耶13:15),任意妄為(詩19:13),自以為平安無 事(番1:12),試探上帝(太4:7);
(10)運用不合乎上帝律法的手段(羅3:8),倚靠不合乎上帝律法的手段(耶17:5);
(11)愛宴樂(提後3:4);
(12)雖有熱心,但卻敗壞、盲目,沒有分辨力(加4:17;約16:2;羅10:2;路9:54-55);
(13)不冷不熱(啟3:16),在上帝的事情上 是死的(啟3:1);
(14)疏離、背叛上帝(結14:5;賽1:4-5);
(15)向聖徒、天使或其它任何受造物禱告,或崇拜他們(羅10:13-14;何4:12;徒10:25-26;啟 19:10;太4:10;西2:18;羅1:25);
(16)與魔鬼結盟,交鬼求問(利20:6;撒上28:7,11;代上10:13-14),傾聽牠的建議(徒5:3);
(17)使人成為我們信仰與良知之主(林後1:24;太23:9);
(18)怠慢、藐視上帝及其誡命(申32:15;撒下12:9;箴13:13);
(19)抵擋聖靈,使祂擔憂(徒7:51;弗4:30),不 滿、厭煩上帝的安排,愚昧地指責祂把各樣災難加在我們身上(詩73:2-3,13-15,22;伯1:22);
(20)把我們所具有的、所得來的、所能作的任何好事都歸之於幸運(撒上6:7-9)、偶像(但5:23)、自己(申8:17;但4:30)或其它任何受造之物(來1:16)。
106問:在第一條誡命中說“在我面前”, 這對我們有什麼特別的教導?
答:在第一條誡命中說“在我面前”,這些話語教導我們,
(1) 無所不見的上帝特別注意到人另有別神之罪,大為不悅;
(2) 因此勸阻人脫離此罪,視此罪為放肆的挑釁,使其更顯嚴重(結8:5-6;詩44:20-21)。
(3) 同時,也使我們相信,不管從事何種服事,都是行在祂的眼前(代上28:9)。
六十一.第二條誡命
107問:第二條誡命是什麼?
答:第二條誡命是:“你不可為 自己雕刻偶像;也不可作什麼形像,彷彿上天、下地和地底下、水中的百物。不可跪拜那些像;也不可事奉它,因為我耶和華你的上帝是忌邪的上帝。恨我的,我必 追討他的罪,自父及子,直到三四代;愛我守我誡命的,我必向他們發慈愛,直到千代”(出20:4-6)。
108問:在第二條誡命中,吩咐我們盡什麼 責任?
答:在第二條誡命中,吩咐我們所盡的責任是:
(1) 對上帝在聖經中所指定的一切宗教崇拜和蒙恩之道,要接受遵行,保持純全(申32:46-47;太28:20;徒2:42;提前 6:13-14);
(2) 特別是:奉基督之名所作的禱告和感恩(腓4:6;弗5:20),讀經、講道、聽道(申17:18-19;徒15:21;提後4:2;雅1:21-22;徒10:33),施行和領受聖禮(太28:19;林前11:23-30),教會治理和勸懲(太18:15-17;16:19; 林前5;12:28),及其施行與保守(弗4:11-12;提前5:17-18;林前 9:7-15),敬虔的禁食(珥2:12-13;林前7:5),奉上帝的名宣誓(申6:13),向上帝許願(賽19:21;詩76:11);
(3) 譴責、痛恨、反對各種各樣的偽崇拜(徒17:16-17;詩16:4);
(4) 並根據自己的地位和職分,清除偽崇拜,以及偶像崇拜的各種標記(申7:5;賽30:22)。
109問:在第二條誡命中,禁止什麼罪?
答:在第二條誡命中,禁止的罪行有:
(1) 以任何方式,發明(民15:39)、求問(申13:6-8)、命令(何5:11;彌6:16)、使 用(王上11:33;12:33)、認可非上帝所指定的任何宗教崇拜(申12:30-32);
(2) 寬容偽宗教(申13:6-12;番13:2-3;啟2:2,14-15,20;17:12,16-17);
(3) 或在自己心中,或在外部,以任何受造物的形像和样式,製造三個位格或其中任何一個位格的象徵(申4:15-19;徒17:29;羅 1:21-23,25);
(4) 崇拜此類象徵(但3:18;加4:8),或者 崇拜其中所表徵的上帝,或者藉著它崇拜上帝(出32:5);
(5) 製造假神之像(出32:8),予以崇拜並事奉(王上18:26,28;賽65:11);
(6) 以古風(彼前1:18)、習俗(耶44:17)、敬虔(賽65:3-5;加1:13-14)、好意或其它理由為藉口(撒上13:11-12;15:21),對上帝的律法或加或減(申4:2),或自己杜撰,或自己 發起(詩106:39),或因傳統受自他人(太15:9),設計各種迷信(徒17:22;西2:21-23),敗壞對上帝的崇拜(瑪1:7-8,14);
(7) 買賣聖職(徒8:18);
(8) 褻瀆上帝(羅2:22;瑪3:8);
(9) 忽略(出4:24-26)、輕蔑(太22:5;瑪1:7,13)、攔阻(太23:13)、反對上帝所指 定的敬拜和蒙恩之道(徒13:44-45; 帖前2:15-16)。
110問:為了使我們更加謹守遵行,第二條 誡命所附加的遵行理由是什麼?
答:為了使我們更加謹守遵行,第二條誡命所附加的遵行理由包含在以下的 話中:“我耶和華你的上帝是忌邪的上帝。恨我的,我必追討他的罪,自父及子,直到三四代;愛我守我誡命的,我必向他們發慈愛,直到千代”(出20:5-6)。
(1) 這些理由不但包括上帝對我們擁有主權,我們是屬祂的(詩45:11;啟15:3-4);
(2) 也包括祂對自己的崇拜有強烈的忌邪之心(出34:13-14),所有的偽崇拜都是屬靈的淫亂,必招致祂復仇的震怒(林前10:20-22;耶7:18-20;結 16:26-27;申32:16-20);
(3) 違背這一誡命的人就是恨惡上帝的人,上帝警告要懲罰他們,直到許多代(阿2:2-4);
(4) 遵守這一誡命的人,就是愛祂並守祂誡命的人,會得到尊榮,上帝應許要憐憫他們,直到許多代(申5:29)。
六十二.第三條誡命
111問:第三條誡命是什麼?
答:第三條誡命是:“你不可妄 稱主你上帝的名,因為妄稱祂名的,主必不以他為無罪”(出20:7) 。
112問:在第三條誡命中吩咐什麼?
答:在第三條誡命中吩咐:
(1) 上帝的名字、尊稱、屬性(太6:9;申28:58;詩29:2;68:4;啟15:3-4)、蒙恩之道(瑪1:14;傳5:1)、聖言(詩138:2)、聖禮(林前11:24-25,28-29)、禱告(提前2:8)、起誓(耶4:2)、許願(傳5:4-6)、拈鬮(徒1:24,26)、作為(伯36:24),以及其他祂所用以顯明祂自己的一切,都要在思想(瑪3:16)、默想(詩8:1,3-4,9)、言語(西3:17;詩105:2,5)和著述(詩102:18)中,予以聖 潔、敬畏地使用;
(2) 藉著聖潔的告白(彼 前3:15;彌4:5),行事為人與之相稱(腓1:27),使上帝得榮耀(林前10:31),我們(耶32:39)和他人都得益處(彼前2:12)。
113問:在第三條誡命中,禁止什麼罪行?
答:在第三條誡命中禁止的罪行是:
(1) 不按聖經的要求使用上帝的名字(瑪2:2);
(2) 愚昧(徒17:23)、虛妄(箴30:9)、不敬、褻瀆(瑪1:6-7;12;3:14)、 迷信(撒上4:3-5;耶7:4,9-10,14,31;西2:20-22)地濫用上帝名字;
(3) 或以邪惡之心提及上帝的名字,以褻瀆(王下19:22;利24:11)、偽證(亞5:4;8:17)之舉利用 上帝的尊稱、屬性(王下18:30,35; 出5:2;詩139:20)、蒙恩之道(詩50:16-17)和作為(賽5:12);
(4) 一切惡毒的咒詛(撒 上17:43;撒下16:5)、起誓(耶5:7;23:10)、許願(申23:18;徒23:12,14)、掣籤(斯3:7;9:24; 詩22:18);
(5) 違背我們合乎上帝律法的宣誓和許願(詩24:4;結17:16,18-19);
(6) 成全不合乎上帝律法的宣誓和許願(可6:26;撒上25:22,32-34);
(7) 抱怨、抗拒(羅9:14,19-20)、窺 探(申29:29)、誤用上帝的預旨(羅3:5,7;6:1-2)和 護理(傳8:11;9:3;詩 39);
(8) 誤解(太5:21-48)、誤用(結13:22),或以其它任何方式歪曲上帝的聖言,或其中的任何部分(彼後3:16;太22:24-31),用於褻瀆性的戲謔(賽22:13;耶23:34,36,38)、好奇無益的問難、荒緲無憑的空談,或堅持謬妄的教義(提前1:4,6-7;6:4-5,20;提後2:14;多3:9);
(9) 濫用上帝名下所包含的受造物或任何事物,用為魔法符咒(申18:10-14;徒19:13),或邪惡的情慾和行為(提 後4:3-4;羅13:13-14;王上21:9-10;猶4);
(10)惡毒中傷(徒13:45;約壹3:12), 褻慢譏誚(詩1:1;彼後3:3),肆意謾罵(彼前4:4),或以其它任何方式 反對上帝的真理、恩典和道路(徒13:45-46,50; 徒4:18;19:9;帖前2:16;來10:29);
(11)或假冒偽善,或因心懷不軌而謊稱信主(提後3:5;太23:14;6:1-2,5,16);
(12)以主名為恥(可8:38),或因不順從(詩73:14-15),無智慧(林前6:5-6;弗5:15-17),不結果子(賽5:4; 彼後1:8-9),唐突冒犯,絆倒他人(羅2:23-24),冷淡退後,離棄真道(加3:1,3;來6:6),從 而羞辱主名。
114問:第三條誡命所附加的理由是什麼?
答:第三條誡命所附加的理由在以下的話語中:“耶和華你上帝”和“因為妄稱祂名的,主必不以他為無罪”(出20:7)。這是因為:
(1) 祂是主,我們的上帝,因此我們不可褻瀆祂的名,也不可以任何方式濫用(利19:12);
(2) 特別是因為觸犯這一誡命的人,祂必不會赦免、饒恕。即使許多人避開了人的
鑑察和審判(撒上2:12,17,22,24;撒上3:13),但上帝卻不容他們逃避祂公義的審判(結36:21-23;申28:58-59;亞5:2-4)。
六十三.第四條誡命
115問:第四條誡命是什麼?
答:第四條誡命是:“當記念安 息日,守為聖日。六日要勞碌作你一切的工;但第七日是向耶和華你上帝當守的安息日;這一日你和你的兒女、僕婢、牲畜,並你城裡寄居的客旅,無論何工都不可 作,因為六日之內,耶和華造天、地、海和其中的萬物,第七日便安息,所以耶和華賜福與安息日,定為聖日”(出20:8-11)。
116問:在第四條誡命中吩咐什麼?
答:在第四條誡中,吩咐所有的人將上帝在聖經中所指定的時間,都向祂分 別為聖,予以遵守,祂特別指明七日中的一整天守為聖日;從世界之初到基督復活,這一日為一周的第七日;此後便以每週的第一日為聖日,直到世界的末了;這就 是基督徒的安息日(申5:12-14; 創2:2-3;林前16:1-2;徒20:7;太5:17-18;賽56:2,4,6-7),在新約聖經中稱之為主日(啟1:10)。
117問:如何將安息日或主日守為聖日?
答:守安息日為聖,乃是:
(1) 整日合乎聖潔地安息(出20:8,10),不僅不犯 那些平常為罪的惡事,還要停止平日合乎上帝律法的俗世職業和娛樂(出16:25-28;尼13:15-22;耶17:21-22);
(2) 並用全部時間,或與眾人,或在家中,敬拜上帝(賽58:13;路4:16;徒20:7;林前16:1-2; 詩92標題;賽66:23;利23:3),以此為賞心樂 事;
(3) 只有為著必須的工作和施行憐憫所佔的時間例外(太12:1-13)。
(4) 為此,我們要預備心靈,提前安排,殷勤作工,穩健節制,合乎時宜地迅速處理我們的俗世之事,使我們 可以更自由、更適宜地盡此日當盡的本分(出20:8;路23:54,56;出16:22,25-26,29;尼13:19)。
118問:為什麼說守安息日這一吩咐,特別 指向家長和其他尊長呢?
答:守安息日這一吩咐,特別指向家長和其他尊長,這是因為:
(1) 他們不僅有責任自己遵守,還有責任監督那些處在其負責範圍之內的人予以遵守;
(2) 而且,還因為他們經常有佔用他們的時間,攔阻他們守安息日的傾向(出20:10;書24:15;尼13:15-17;耶 17:20-22;出23:12)。
119問:在第四條誡命中,禁止什麼罪?
答:在第四條誡命中,禁止的罪是:
(1) 忽略當盡的本分(結22:26);
(2) 雖予遵行,卻漫不經心,粗心大意,不得益處,而且心中厭煩(徒20:7,9;結33:30-32;摩8:5;瑪 1:13);
(3) 無所事事,作姦犯科,褻瀆此日(結23:38);
(4) 對俗務和娛樂有不必要的心思、言語或作為(耶17:24,27;賽58:13)。
120問:為了使我們更加曉得其權威性,第 四條誡命所附加的遵行理由是什麼?
答:為了使我們更加曉得其權威性,第四條誡命所附加的遵行理由:
(1) 首先是出自於其中衡平的原則,即上帝讓我們在一周之內有六日作自己的工,但卻保留一日歸祂自己:“六日要勞碌作你一切的工”(出20:9);
(2) 上帝要求我們把這日特別歸給祂:“第七日是向耶和華你上帝 當守的安息日”(出20:10);
(3) 而且,上帝以身作則:“六日之內,主造天、地、海和其中的 萬物,第七日便安息”;
(4) 上帝特別祝福此日,不但把這日分別為聖,用於事奉祂,而且指定,當我們守此日為聖的時候,此日便成 為我們蒙福的器皿:“所以耶和華賜福與安息日,定為聖日”(出20:11) 。
121問:為什麼在第四條誡命的一開始就用 了“記念”一詞?
答:在第四條誡命的一開始就用了“記念”一詞(出20:8),
(1) 部分是因為:記念此日有極大的益處,使我們由此得幫助,預備遵守(出16:23;路23:54,56;可15:42;尼 13:19),而且,在遵守的時候,使我們能夠更好地遵行 其它誡命(詩92標題,比較詩 92:13-14;結20:12,19-20),不斷地以 感恩的心記念創造與救贖的大德,這二者是基督教信仰的總結(創2:2-3;詩118:22,24,比較徒4:10-11;啟1:10);
(2) 部分是因為:我們容易忘卻此日(結22:26),因為自然之光對此日鮮有反映(尼9:14),而且守安息日限制 了我們天然的自由,也就是平日合乎上帝律法的事情此日卻不能行(出34:21);安息日七天內 才有一天,中間世務繁多,常常使我們的心思意念無暇顧及此日,更不用說提前預備,守為聖日了(申5:14-15;摩8:5);再者,撒但與牠的僕役也是辛苦作工,妄圖抹掉此日的榮耀,甚至想把此日從人的記憶中完全抹除,以 便塞進各種各樣的反宗教、不敬虔之事(哀1:7;耶17:21-23;尼13:15-23)。
六十四.後六誡精義
122問:後六誡包括我們對人的責任,其總 綱是什麼?
答:後六誡包括我們對人的責任,其總綱就是愛人如己(太22:39),我們願意人怎樣待我們,我們就要怎樣待人(太7:12)。
六十五.第五條誡命
123問:第五條誡命是什麼?
答:第五條誡命是:“當孝敬父 母,使你的日子在耶和華你上帝所賜你的地上,得以長久”(出20:12) 。
124問:在第五條誡命中,“父母”是指 誰?
答:在第五條誡命中,“父母”一詞所指的不僅是肉身的父母(箴23:22,25;弗6:1-2),還包括在年紀(提 前5:1-2)和 恩賜(創4:20-22;創 45:8)上超過我們的一切尊長;特別是那些按照上帝的安 排,於家庭(王下5:13)、教會(王下2:12;13:14;加4:19)、國家中(賽49:23),在我們之上有權柄的人。
125問:為什麼尊稱尊長如父母呢?
答:尊稱尊長如父母,是為了教導他們向晚輩履行自己各種本分時,當像肉 身的父母一樣,同時又當根據他們各種不同的關係,向晚輩表達慈愛和溫柔(弗6:4;林後12:14;帖前2:7-8,11;民11:11-12);並使晚輩甘心樂意、歡歡喜喜地完成他們向尊長當盡的本分,正如對父母一樣(林前4:14-16;王下5:13)。
126問:第五條誡命的一般範圍是什麼?
答:第五條誡命的一般範圍是,作為晚輩、長輩、或同輩,在我們與他人的 各種關係中,履行彼此當盡的責任(弗5:21; 彼前2:17;羅12:10)。
127問:晚輩當如何尊重長輩?
答:晚輩當尊重長輩,包括:
(1) 在心思(瑪1:6;利19:3)、言語(箴31:28;彼前3:6)和行為(利19:32;王上2:19)上 給予當得的敬重;
(2) 為他們禱告感恩(提 前2:1-2);
(3) 效法他們的美德(來13:7;腓3:17);
(4) 甘心樂意地順服他們合乎上帝律法的吩咐和忠告(弗6:1-2,5-7;彼前2:13-14;羅 13:1-5;來13:17;箴4:3-4;23:22;出18:19,24);
(5) 對於他們的責備,該聽從的就當聽從(來12:9;彼前2:18-20);
(6) 根據他們的身份和地位(太22:21;羅13:6-7;提前5:17-18;加6:6;創45:11;47:12),忠於(多2:9-10)、保衛(撒上26:15-16;撒下18:3;斯6:2)、維護他們的人格和權威;
(7) 包容他們的軟弱,並以愛心遮蓋他們(彼前2:18;箴23:22;創9:23),如此就可成為他們及其治理上引以為榮的人(詩127:3-5;箴31:23)。
128問:晚輩冒犯長輩的罪是什麼?
答:晚輩冒犯長輩的罪是,
(1) 忽略向他們當盡的責任(太15:4-6);
(2) 在他們合乎上帝律法的忠告(撒上2:25)、吩咐和責備(申21:18-21)上,嫉妒(民11:28-29)、蔑視(撒上8:7;賽3:5)、反叛(撒下15:1-12)他們(出21:15)和他們的地位(撒上10:27);
(3) 咒詛嘲笑(箴言30:11,17),冥頑不 化,造謠中傷,如此成為他 們及其治理上貽羞致辱之人(箴19:26)。
129問:長輩當向晚輩盡什麼責任?
答:長輩當向晚輩所盡的責任是:
(1) 根據他們從上帝所受的權柄,以及他們所處的關係,愛護晚輩(西3:19;多2:4),為他們禱告(撒上12:23;伯1:5),祝 福他們(王上8:55-56;來 7:7;創49:28);教訓(申6:6-7),勸勉,告誡(弗6:4)他們;
(2) 行得好的,鼓勵贊同(彼 前3:7),表揚 稱讚(彼前2:14;羅13:3),予以嘉獎(斯6:3);
(3) 行得壞的,不予認同(羅13:3-4),予以責備, 管教懲罰(箴29:15;彼前 2:14);
(4) 對於他們靈魂(弗6:4)和身體(提前5:8)所必需的一切,善加保護(伯29:12-17;賽1:10,17),予以供應;
(5) 嚴肅莊重,智慧通達,惟聖惟潔,以身作則,使上帝得榮耀(提前4:12;多2:3-5),自己受尊重(王上3:28),上帝所賜予的權 柄得以保守(多2:15)。
130問:長輩易犯的罪是什麼?
答:長輩易犯的罪,除了忽略他們當盡的責任之外(結34:2-4),還包括:
(1) 專求自己的事(腓2:21),追求自己的榮耀(約5:44;7:18)、舒適、好處和快樂(賽56:10-11;申17:17);
(2) 要求晚輩去行不合乎上帝律法(但3:4-6;徒4:17-18),或超出他們權能之事(出5:10-18;太23:2,4);
(3) 對於行惡的,出謀劃策(太14:8;可6:24),慫 恿教唆(撒下13:28),恩寵有加(撒上3:13);
(4) 對於行善的,橫加攔阻,打擊士氣,不予認同(約7:46-49;西3:21;出5:17);責備不當(彼前2:18-20;來12:10;申25:3);
(5) 粗心大意,把晚輩置於謬誤、誘惑和危險之中不管不顧(創38:11,26;徒18:17);激怒他們(弗6:4);
(6) 以及任何因著不公義、不慎重、為人苛刻、疏忽職責所導致的羞辱自己、削弱自身權威之事(創9:21;王上12:13-16;1:6;撒上 2:29-31)。
131問:同輩之間的責任是什麼?
答:同輩之間的責任是:
(1) 彼此尊重對方的尊嚴和價值(彼前2:17);
(2) 在他人面前把榮譽歸給對方(羅12:10);
(3) 為對方的恩賜和長進而高興歡喜,如同己有(羅12:15-16;腓2:3-4)。
132問:同輩之間易犯的罪是什麼?
答:同輩之間易犯的罪,除了忽略當盡的責任之外(羅13:8),還包括:
(1) 貶低對方的價值(提 後3:3);
(2) 嫉妒對方的恩賜(徒7:9;加5:26);
(3) 因對方長進興盛而心裡難受(民12:2;斯6:12-13);
(4) 篡奪對方的權柄,壓制對方(約叁9;路22:24)。
133問:對於履行第五條誡命所附加的理由 是什麼?
答:對於履行第五條誡命所附加的理由是,“使你的日子在耶和華你上帝所 賜你的地上,得以長久”(出20:12)。這是一個明確的長壽與興盛的應許,所有遵行這一誡命的人,只要使上帝得榮耀,自己得益處,就必長 壽興盛(申5:16;王上 8:25;弗6:2-3)。
六十六.第六條誡命
134問:第六條誡命是什麼?
答:第六條誡命是,“不可殺人”(出20:13)。
135問:在第六條誡命中,吩咐什麼責任?
答:在第六條誡命中,吩咐我們:
(1) 用各種審慎的研究,和一切合乎上帝律法的手段,保守我們自己(弗5:28-29)和他人(王上18:4)的生命,抵擋各樣 的思想和意圖(耶26:15-16; 徒23:12,16-17,21,27),制伏一切的情緒(弗4:26-27),避免導致不義地奪取任何人生命(撒上24:12;26:9-11;創37:21-22)的所有場景(撒下2:22;申22:8)、誘 惑(太4:6-7;箴 1:10-11,15-16)和做法;
(2) 正當地抵禦暴力(詩82:4;箴24:11-12;撒上14:45),耐心地接受上帝的作為(雅5:7-11;來12:9), 追求心靈的安靜(帖前4:11;彼 前3:3-4;詩37:8-11)、靈魂的喜樂(箴17:22);
(3) 適度地吃肉(箴25:16,27),飲酒(提前5:23),服藥(賽38:21),睡眠(詩127:2),勞動(傳5:12;帖後3:10,12;箴16:26),娛樂(傳3:4,11);
(4) 有恩惠(撒上19:4-5;22:13-14),有愛心(羅13:10),憐憫(路10:33-34),謙虛, 溫柔,仁慈(西3:12-13);
(5) 言語行為,溫良柔順(雅3:17),謙恭有節,尋求 和睦(彼前3:8-11;箴 15:1;士8:1-3);
(6) 凡事包容,樂意和好,恆久忍耐,饒恕傷害,以善報惡(太5:24;弗4:2,32;羅12:17,20-21);
(7) 安慰、救助受苦的人,保守、護衛無辜的人(帖前5:14;伯31:19-20;太25:35-36;箴 31:8-9)。
136問:在第六條誡命中,禁止什麼罪?
答:在第六條誡命中,禁止:
(1) 以各種形式奪去我們自身(徒16:28)和他人(創9:6)生命的行為,除非是在公共司法(民35:31,33)、合乎上帝律法的戰爭(耶48:10;申20),或正 當防衛中(出22:2-3);
(2) 忽略或不用合法的、必需的手段來保守生命(太25:42-43; 雅2:15-16;傳6:1-2);
(3) 不合道德的憤怒(太5:22)、仇恨(約壹3:15;利19:17)、嫉妒(箴14:30)、復仇的慾望(羅12:19);
(4) 一切過分的情緒(弗4:31)、使人煩亂的憂慮(太6:31,34);
(5) 無節制的吃肉、飲酒(路21:34;羅13:13)、 勞作(傳12:12;2:22-23)和娛樂(賽5:12);
(6) 觸動怒氣的言語(箴15:1;12:18)、苦 待他人(結18:18;出 1:14)、紛擾爭競(加5:15;箴23:29)、擊打傷害(民35:16-18,21), 以及其它任何傾向於毀壞人生命的行為(出21:18-36)。
六十七.第七條誡命
137問:第七誡命是什麼?
答:第七誡命是,“不可姦淫”(出20:14) 。
138問:在第七條誡命中,命令什麼責任?
答:在第七條誡命中,命令我們:
(1) 在身體、意念、感情(帖 前4:4;伯31:1;林前77:34)、言語(西4:6)和行為上(彼前2:3),都要貞潔;
(2) 保守我們自身和他人的貞潔(林前7:2,35-36);
(3) 謹守我們的眼睛和其他所有感官(伯31:1);
(4) 自我克制(徒24:24-25);
(5) 與貞潔的人為伴(箴2:16-20);
(6) 以正派衣裳為妝飾(提 前2:9);
(7) 那些沒有節制恩賜的人就當結婚(林前7:2,9);
(8) 夫妻相愛(箴5:19-20),彼此同住(彼前3:7);
(9) 在自己的呼召中要勤勉(箴31:11,27-28);
(10) 抵擋誘惑,避免各種不潔的場合(箴5:8;創39:8-10)。
139問:在第七誡命中,禁止什麼罪?
答:在第七條誡命中禁止的罪,除了忽略當盡的責任之外(箴5:7),還有:
(1) 婚後的奸淫、婚前的穢行(來13:4;加5:19);
(2) 強姦、亂倫(撒下13:14;林前5:1);
(3) 同性戀,以及所有違反天性的色欲(羅1:24,26-27;利20:15-16);
(4) 各種不潔的想像、思想、意圖和感情(太5:28;15:19;西3:5);
(5) 所有敗壞的、骯髒的話語,連聽都不要聽(弗5:3-4;箴7:5,21-22);
(6) 淫蕩的眼色(賽3:16;彼後2:14);
(7) 輕浮的舉止,不正派的服飾(箴7:10,13);
(8) 禁止合法的嫁娶(提 前4:3);
(9) 施行不合法的婚姻(利18:1-21;可6:18;瑪2:11-22);
(10) 允許、寬容、開辦妓院,到妓院遊玩(王上15:12;王下23:7;申23:17-18;利19:29;耶5:7;箴 7:24-27);
(11) 任意以獨身的誓言纏累自己(太19:10-11);
(12) 不合理地延遲結婚(林 前7:7-9;創38:26);
(13) 多妻或多夫(瑪2:14-15;太19:5);
(14) 不公義的離婚(瑪2:16;太5:32),或 離棄(林前7:12-13);
(15) 懶惰、貪食、醉酒(結16:49;箴23:30-33);
(16) 與淫蕩的人為伴(創39:10;箴5:8);
(17) 黃色歌曲、書籍、圖片、舞蹈、戲劇(弗5:4;結23:14-17;賽23:15-17;3:16;可6:22;羅13:13;彼前 4:3);
(18) 以及其他一切導致我們自身和他人不潔的刺激或行動(王下9:30;耶4:30;結23:40)。
六十八.第八條誡命
140問:第八條誡命是什麼?
答:第八條誡命是:“不可偷 竊”(出20:15)。
141問:在第八條誡命中,命令什麼責任?
答:在第八條誡命中命令的責任是:
(1) 在人與人的契約和生意中要講究誠實、守信和公平(詩15:2,4;亞7:4,10;8:16-17);
(2) 凡人所當得的,就給他(羅13:7);
(3) 非法扣押正當所有人的財物,要予以賠償(利6:2-5;路19:8);
(4) 根據自己的能力和他人的需要,慷慨施與、出借(路6:30,38;約壹3:17;弗4:28;加6:10);
(5) 對世上財物的判斷、願望和情感要合乎中道(提前6:6-9;加6:14);
(6) 對於那些供養我們肉身的東西,要審慎考慮,留心料理(提前5:8),根據我們自身的處境,加以獲取、保守、使用和處理(箴27:23-27;傳2:24;3:12-13;提前 6:17-18;賽38:1;太11:8);
(7) 合乎上帝律法的職業要持守(林前7:20;創2:15;3:19),並要殷勤從事(弗4:28;箴10:4);
(8) 生活節儉(約6:12,箴21:20);
(9) 避免不必要的訴訟(林 前6:1-9)、 擔保,以及其他類似的事宜(箴6:1-6;11:15);
(10)努力運用一切公義的、合乎上帝律法的手段,獲取、保守、增加他人以及我們自身的財富和外部產業(利25:35;申22:1-4;出23:4-5;創 47:14,20;腓2:4;太22:39)。
142問:在第八條誡命中,禁止什麼罪行?
答:在第八條誡命中禁止的罪行是: 除了忽略當盡的本分之外(雅2:15-16;約壹3:17), 還有:
(1) 偷竊(弗4:28);
(2) 搶劫(詩62:10);
(3) 搶人口(提前1:10);
(4) 接受任何竊取得來的東西(箴29:24;詩50:18);
(5) 欺詐性行為(帖前4:6);
(6) 虛假的度量衡(箴11:1;20:10);
(7) 移動地界(申19:14;箴23:10);
(8) 人與人之間定立契約時不公義、不守信(摩8:5;詩37:21);
(9) 在別人信託的事上不公義、不守信(路16:10-12);
(10) 欺壓虧負(結22:29;利25:17);
(11) 敲詐勒索(太23:25;結22:12);
(12) 行賄受賄(詩15:5;伯15:34);
(13) 毫無根據的訴訟(林 前6:6-8;箴3:29-30);
(14) 非法圈地,霸占地土(賽5:8;彌2:2);
(15) 囤積居奇(箴11:26);
(16) 從事不合乎上帝律法的職業(徒19:19,24-25);
(17) 以及其它所有巧取豪奪,損人利己,違背公義,作姦犯科之事(伯20:19;雅5:4;箴21:6);
(18) 貪心(路12:15);
(19) 過分看重世上的財物(提 前6:5;西3:2;箴23:5;詩62:10);
(20) 對於獲取、保守、使用財物之事,憂慮小信、投機鑽營(太6:25,31,34;傳5:12);
(21) 見到他人興盛就心懷不平(詩73:3;37:1,7);
(22) 作工懈怠(帖後3:11;箴18:9),揮 霍財產,賭博浪費;
(23) 以及其它所有不正當地損害我們的外部產業(箴21:17;23:20-21;28:19),不正當地使用和享受上帝所賜給我們的產業的各種做法(傳4:8;6:2;提前5:8)。
六十九.第九條誡命
143問:第九條誡命是什麼?
答:第九條誡命是:“不可作假 見證陷害人”(出20:16)。
144問:在第九條誡命中,命令什麼責任?
答:在第九條誡命中,命令的責任是:
(1) 保守並增進人與人之間的誠實(亞8:16);
(2) 保守並增進他人和我們自身的名譽(約叁12);
(3) 為事實真相挺身而出(箴 言31:8-9);
(4) 在審判和公義之事上(利19:15,箴14:5,25),以及在其它各種事情上,發自內心(詩15:2),忠心誠實(代上19:9),不計代價(撒上19:4-5),不加隱瞞(書7:19),不偏左右(撒下14:18-20),實話實 說,只講事實真相(林後1:17-18; 弗4:25);
(5) 以愛心尊重他人(來6:9;林前13:7);
(6) 愛護他們的名譽,願意他們有好名聲,並為之歡喜(羅1:8;約貳4;約叁3-4);
(7) 為他們的軟弱難過(林 後2:4;12:21),並加以遮掩(箴17:9; 彼前4:8);
(8) 承認他們的恩賜和美德(林 前1:4-5,7;提後1:4-5);
(9) 為他們的無辜辯護(撒 上22:14);
(10)關於他們的好消息,願意接受(林前13:6-7),壞消息,不隨意苟同(詩15:3);
(11)不鼓勵傳舌者(箴25:23)、奉承者(箴26:24-25)、誹謗者(詩101:5);
(12)珍惜自己的名譽,並在需要的時候予以辯護(箴22:1;約8:49);
(13)遵守合乎上帝律法的誓言(詩15:4);
(14)凡是真實的、誠實的、可愛的、有美名的,都要考察、遵行(腓4:8)。
145問:在第九條誡命中,禁止什麼罪行?
答:在第九條誡命中,禁止的罪行是:
(1) 一切損害他人和我們自身誠實與名譽的事(撒上17:28;撒下16:3;1:9-10,15-16),特別是在司法審判中(利19:15;來1:4);
(2) 提供偽證(箴19:5;6:16,19);
(3) 唆使他人作假見證(徒6:13);
(4) 故意為邪惡之事辯護,不顧事實,誇大其辭(耶9:3,5;徒24:2,5;詩 12:3-4;52:1-4);
(5) 作出不公義的判決(箴17:15;王上21:9-14);
(6) 稱善為惡,稱惡為善;把義人當得的歸於惡人,把惡人當得的歸於義人(賽5:23);
(7) 編造謊言(詩119:69;路19:8;16:5-7);
(8) 掩蓋事實真相,對正義之事不當地保持沉默(利5:1;申13:8;徒5:3,8-9;提後4:6);
(9) 對罪惡應予指責時卻不仗義直言(王上1:6;利19:17),也不向他人申訴(賽59:4);
(10) 雖說真話,卻不合時宜(箴29:11),或心存惡意(撒上22:9-10,比較詩52:1-5),或顛倒黑白,故意歪曲(詩56:5;約2:19,比較太26:60-61),或言辭含糊,模棱兩可,以致損害事實或公義(創3:5;26:7,9);
(11) 不說真話(賽59:13);
(12) 說謊(利19:11;西3:9);
(13) 誹謗(詩50:20);
(14) 讒謗(詩15:3);
(15) 毀損(雅4:11;耶38:4);
(16) 搬弄是非(利19:16);
(17) 傳播謠言(羅1:29-30);
(18) 嘲弄他人(創21:9,比較加4:29);
(19) 辱罵他人(林前6:10);
(20) 輕率論斷(太7:1);
(21) 言語苛刻(徒28:4);
(22) 論斷不公(創38:24;羅2:1);
(23) 曲解他人的目的、言語和行動(尼6:6-8;羅3:8;詩69:10;撒上1:13-15;撒下10:3);
(24) 油嘴滑舌(詩12:2-3);
(25) 虛榮自誇(提後3:2);
(26) 自高自大,高抬別人,或妄自菲薄,小看別人(路18:9,11;羅12:16;林前4:6;徒 12:22;出4:10-14);
(27) 否定來自上帝的恩賜和美德(伯27:5-6;4:6);
(28) 吹毛求疵(太7:3-5);
(29) 本該坦白認罪,卻躲躲藏藏,尋找藉口,減輕罪責(箴28:13;30:20;創3:12-13;耶2:35; 王下5:25;創4:9);
(30) 洩漏人不該洩漏的軟弱(創9:22;箴25:9-10);
(31) 散佈謠言(出23:1);
(32) 聽信謊言(箴29:12);
(33) 掩耳不聽正當的辯護(徒7:56-57;伯31:13-14);
(34) 妄自猜疑(林前13:5;提前6:4);
(35) 對別人所當得的尊榮,嫉妒惱怒(民11:29;太21:15),妄圖予以削弱、損害(拉4:12-13),別人蒙羞 受辱,則高興歡喜(耶48:27);
(36) 蔑視別人,加以戲弄(詩35:15-16,21;太27:28-29);
(37) 獻媚他人(猶16;徒12:22);
(38) 違背合乎上帝律法的諾言(羅1:31;提後3:3);
(39) 對關涉美名之事,漫不經心(撒上2:24);
(40) 對招致臭名之事,則去親自踐行,或不加迴避,或未盡力攔阻他人(撒下13:12-13;箴5:8-9;6:33)。
七十.第十條誡命
146問:第十條誡命是什麼?
答:第十條誡命是:“不可貪戀 人的房屋;也不可貪戀人的妻子、僕婢、牛驢,並他一切所有的”(出20:17)。
147問:在第十條誡命中,命令什麼責任?
答:在第十條誡命中,命令的責任是:
(1) 對我們自己的境況完全知足(來13:5;提前6:6);
(2) 用正直仁愛的精神對待我們的鄰舍,以致於我們關乎他人的一切的動機和情感,都是以促進他人的益處為 念(伯31:29;羅12:15; 詩122:7-9;提前1:5;斯10:3;林前13:4-7)。
148問:在第十條誡命中,禁止什麼罪行?
答:在第十條誡命中,禁止的罪行是:
(1) 對自己的現狀不滿(王 上21:4;斯5:13;林前10:10);
(2) 對鄰舍的善況嫉妒(加5:26;雅3:14,16)、 難受(詩112:9-10;尼 2:10);
(3) 並對他所擁有的產生貪心邪情(羅7:7-8;13:9;西3:5;申5:21)。
七十一.人無力全守誡命
149問:人能全守上帝的誡命嗎?
答:不管是靠自己(雅3:2;約15:5;羅8:3),還是靠今生所領受的任何恩典,均無人能全守上帝的誡命(傳7:20;約壹1:8,10;加5:17;羅 7:18-19);反倒天天在心思(創6:5;8:21)、言語和行為上(羅3:9-19;雅3:2-13),違背上帝的誡命。
七十二.罪的程度
150問:一切違反上帝律法的事,就其本 身,並在上帝的眼中,都是同樣可憎嗎?
答:一切違背上帝律法的事,不都是同樣可憎的;相反,有些罪就其本身, 並因某些加重情節,在上帝的眼中,比別的罪更為可憎(約19:11;結8:6,13,15;約壹5:16;詩78:17,32,56)。
151問:那些使某些罪加重,比其它罪更可 憎的情節是什麼?
答:罪的加重情節有:
(1)與犯罪之人有關的(耶2:8):他們的年齡越大(伯32:7,9;傳4:13), 或經驗越豐富,或所領受的恩典越多(王上11:4,9),在見證(撒下12:14;林前5:1)、恩賜(雅4:17;路12:47-48)、地位(耶5:4-5)、職分(撒下12:7-9;結8:11-12)上,眾所周知,為人師表(羅2:17-24),是其他人所 效法的榜樣(加2:11-14)。
(2)與被侵害者有關的(太21:38-39):直接冒犯上帝(撒 上2:25;徒5:4;詩51:4)、祂的屬性(羅2:4)和敬拜(瑪1:8,14);直接冒犯基督和祂的恩典(來2:2-3;12:25);直接冒犯聖靈(來10:29;太12:31-32)、祂的見證(弗4:30)和工作(來6:4-6);直接冒犯尊 長、處於尊位之人(猶8;民 12:8-9;賽3:5),以及和我們有特別關係與責任的 人(箴30:17;林後 12:15;詩55:12-15);直接冒犯聖徒(番2:8,10-11;太18:6;林前6:8;啟 17:6),特別是那些軟弱的弟兄(林前8:11-12;羅14:13,15,21),冒犯他們或其他任何人的靈魂(結13:19;林前8:12;啟18:12-13;太23:15),以及傷害所有人或許多人的共同利益(帖前2:15-16;書22:20)。
(3)與犯罪性質有關的(箴6:30-33):直接違反律法的明確內容(拉9:10-12;王上11:9-10),違背多條誡命,本身包含諸多罪(西3:5;提前6:10;箴5:8-12;6:32-33;書7:21);不僅心中圖謀,還在言語行為上(雅1:14-15;太5:22;彌2:1),絆倒他人(太18:7;羅2:23-24), 並且不予補償(申22:22,28-29; 箴6:32-35);不顧蒙恩之道(太11:21-24;約15:22)、憐憫(賽1:3;申32:6)、審判(摩4:8-11;耶5:3)、自然之光(羅1:26-27)、良心責備(羅1:32;但5:22;多3:10-11)、公開或私下的勸誡(箴29:1)、教會的勸懲(多3:10;太18:17)、國家的審判(箴27:22;23:35); 蓄意(詩36:4)、故意(耶6:16)、任意(民15:30;出21:14)、無恥(耶3:3;箴7:13)、自誇(詩52:1)、惡意(約叁10)、屢次(民14:22)、頑固(亞7:11-12)地違背我們 的禱告、決心、允諾(詩78:34-37; 耶2:20;42:5-6,20-21)、許願(傳5:4-6;箴20:25)立約(利26:25)、與上帝或他人 的約定(箴2:17;結 17:18-19);在悔改之後,故態復萌(耶34:8-11;彼後2:20-22),仍然是歡喜作惡(箴2:14),繼續犯罪(賽57:17)。
(4)與犯罪時間(王下5:26)和地點(耶7:10;賽26:10)有 關的:在主日(結23:37-39),或其它敬拜上帝的時間(賽58:3-5;民25:6-7),或恰在此前(林前11:20-21),或恰在此後(耶7:8-10;箴7:14-15;約13:27,30),或不顧攔阻、糾正此類失敗的幫助(拉9:13-14);或在公共場所,或有他人在場,使其受到刺激或玷污(撒下16:22;撒上2:22-24)。
七十三.懲罰與逃避
152問:在上帝的手中,每一次犯罪該受什 麼處罰?
答:每一次犯罪,哪怕是最小的犯罪,都是冒犯上帝的主權(雅2:10-11)、良善(出20:1-2)和聖潔(哈1:13;利10:3;11:44-45),冒犯上帝公義的律法(約 壹3:4;羅7:12),當在今生(哀3:39; 申28:15-68)和來世(太25:41)受祂的憤怒和咒詛(弗5:6;加3:10);不靠 基督的寶血,就無法得以補償(來9:22; 彼前1:18-19)。
153問:為叫我們可以逃避那因違背律法而 當受的烈怒和咒詛,上帝要我們怎樣行?
答:為叫我們可以逃避那因違背律法而當受的烈怒和咒詛,上帝要我們向祂 悔改,歸信耶穌基督(徒20:21; 太3:7-8;路13:3,5;徒16:30-31;約3:16,18),並且殷勤使用那些基督藉以把祂中保的恩惠傳遞給我們的外部工具(箴2:1-5;8:33-36)。
七十四.蒙恩之道
154問:基督把祂中保的恩惠傳給我們,所憑藉的外部工具是什麼?
答:基督把祂中保的恩惠傳給我們,所憑藉的外部的普通工具是祂所有的蒙 恩之道,特別是聖經、聖禮和禱告;祂叫這一切在選民身上生髮效力,使他們得救(太28:19-20;徒2:42,46-47)。
七十五.聖經與蒙恩之道
155問:聖經怎樣生髮效力,使人得救呢?
答:聖靈使讀經,尤其是講道,成為有效的蒙恩之道:
(1) 啟迪罪人(尼8:8;徒26:18;詩19:8),使其知罪謙卑(林前14:24-25; 代下34:18-19,26-28);
(2) 驅使他們脫離自我,吸引他們歸向基督(徒2:37,41;8:27-39);
(3) 使他們合乎祂的形狀(林 後3:18),征 服他們,使其順服祂的旨意(林後10:4-6; 羅6:17);
(4) 堅固他們,抵擋各樣的試探和敗壞(太4:4,7,10;弗6:16-17;詩19:11;林前10:11);
(5) 在恩典中把他們建造起來(徒20:32;提後3:15-17),使他們的心藉信得救,成為聖潔,得著安慰(羅16:25;帖前3:2,10-11,13;羅 15:4;10:13-17;1:6)。
七十六.讀經
156問:是不是所有的人都要讀經?
答:儘管並不是所有的人都可以公開向會眾讀經(申31:9,11-13。尼8:2-3;9:3-5),但各種人都應閱讀聖經(申17:19;啟1:3;約5:39;賽34:16),既要自己閱讀,也當與自己的家人一起閱讀(申6:6-9;創18:17,19;詩78:5-7);為了達成這一目的,要把聖經從原文翻譯成各民族通用的語言(林前14:6,9,11-12,15-16,24,27-28)。
157問:應當如何讀經?
答::應當:
(1) 以高度的敬畏之心讀經(詩19:10;尼8:3-10;出24:7;代下34:27;賽66:2);
(2) 確信聖經就是上帝的話(彼 前1:19-21), 而且惟獨上帝能使我們明白聖經(路24:45; 林後3:13-16);
(3) 願意認識、相信、順服上帝顯明在聖經中的旨意(申17:19-20);
(4) 殷勤查考(徒17:11),留意聖經的內 容和範圍(徒8:30,34;路 10:26-28);
(5) 並用默想(詩1:2;119:97)、應 用(代下34:21)、捨己(箴3:5;申33:3)、禱告(箴2:1-6;詩119:18;尼8:6,8)之法讀經。
七十七.講道
158問:誰可以講道呢?
答:只有具備充分的恩賜(提前3:2,6;弗4:8-11;何4:6;瑪2:7;林後 3:6),並得到適當的認可,蒙召從事這一職分的人(耶14:15;羅10:15;來5:4;林前 12:28-29;提前3:10;4:14;5:22), 才能講道。
159問:蒙召傳講上帝聖言的人應當如何講 道?
答:蒙召傳講上帝聖言的人,應當:
(1) 傳講純正的教義(多2:1,8),殷勤作工(徒18:25),無論得時不得時,總要專心(提後4:2);
(2) 表達清楚(林前14:19),不用人智慧委 婉的言語,乃是用聖靈和大能的明證(林前2:4),忠心地把上帝各樣的 旨意傳講全備(徒20:27);
(3) 根據聽眾的需要和能力,用諸般的智慧(西1:28;提後2:15),把上帝的話應用在他們身上(林前3:2;來5:12-14,路12:42);
(4) 心里火熱(徒18:25),愛上帝(林後5:13-14;腓1:15-17),愛上帝的子民(西4:12;林後12:15);
(5) 誠誠實實(林後2:17;4:2),目的在 於使上帝得榮耀(帖前2:4-6; 約7:18),使上帝的子民悔改歸正(林前9:19-22),得造就(林後12:19;弗4:12), 得救恩(提前4:16;徒 26:16-18)。
七十八.聽道
160問:對聽道的人有什麼要求?
答:那些聽道的人,應當:
(1) 以勤勉(箴8:34)、預備(彼前2:1-2;路8:18)和禱告(詩119:18;弗6:18-19)之心來聽道;
(2) 對於所聽到的內容要考查聖經(徒17:11);
(3) 以信心(來4:2)、愛心(帖後2:10)、謙卑(雅1:21)和願意的心(徒17:11),把所聽到的真理作為上帝之道予以領受(帖前2:13);
(4) 默想(路9:44;來2:1),談論(路24:14;申6:6-7);
(5) 藏在心裡(箴2:1;詩119:11);
(6) 並在自己的生命中結出果子來(路8:15;雅1:25)。
七十九.聖禮與蒙恩之道
161問:聖禮怎樣成為救贖的有效工具呢?
答:聖禮成為救贖的有效工具,並非因其本身有什麼權能,也不是因為源自 施行者的敬虔或動機而發出的力量,而是惟獨因著聖靈的運行和基督的祝福,祂是聖禮的設立者(彼前3:21;徒8:13,比較徒8:23;林前3:6-7;12:13)。
162問:聖禮是什麼?
答:聖禮是基督在其教會中所設立的神聖的蒙恩之道(創17:7,10;出12;太 28:19;26:26-28),向那些在恩典之約中的人(羅15:8;出12:48),
(1) 象徵、印證、表明(羅4:11;林前11:24-25)祂中保的恩惠(徒2:38; 林前10:16);
(2) 堅固、增強他們的信心,以及其它各樣的美德(羅4:11;加3:27);
(3) 要求他們順服(羅6:3-4;林前10:21);
(4) 見證、珍惜他們彼此之間的愛心和交通(弗4:2-5;林前12:13);
(5) 並使他們與那些不得參與的人分別出來(弗2:11-12; 創34:14)。
163問:聖禮有哪幾方面?
答:聖禮有兩方面,
(1) 一方面是外在的有形的記號,是根據基督的吩咐而使用的;
(2) 另一方面是其所象徵的內在屬靈的恩惠(太3:11;彼前3:21;羅2:28-29)。
164問:在新約時代,基督在其教會中設立 了多少聖禮?
答:在新約時代,基督在其教會中只設立了兩大聖禮:一是洗禮,一是聖餐(太28:19;林前11:23;太26:26-28)。
八十.洗禮
165問:洗禮是什麼?
答:洗禮是新約的聖禮。基督吩咐奉聖父、聖子、聖靈的名為人用水施洗 (太28:19),
(1) 作為與基督聯合(加3:27),因著祂的寶血罪得赦免(可1:4;啟1:5),因著祂的聖靈而重生(多3:5;弗5:26)的標記 與印證;
(2) 也是得兒子的名分(加3:26-27),復活得永 生(林前15:29;羅6:5)的標記與印證;
(3) 由此受洗者莊嚴地歸入有形教會(林前12:13),公開立約,認主為主,全人歸主,且惟獨屬主(羅6:4)。
166問:應當為誰施洗?
答:(1)對那些處於有形教會 之外,在應許之約上是局外人者,直到他們公開承認歸信基督,並願順服祂,才可為他們施洗(徒8:36-38);
(2)若父母雙方,或其中一 方,已公開承認歸信基督並願順服祂,則其嬰孩亦在恩約之內,應予施洗(創17:7,9,比較加3:9,14; 西2:11-12;徒2:38-39;羅4:11-12;林前7:14;太28:19;路18:15-16;羅11:16) 。
167問:如何使我們的洗禮更加有效呢?
答:要使我們洗禮更加有效,是人人常常忽視的當盡的責任,是我們一生一 世都當履行的事,特別是在受試探的時候,當我們出席他人洗禮的時候,更當如此(西2:11-12;羅6:4,6,11)。使我們的洗禮更加有效的方法就是:
(1) 以感恩的心認真地思考洗禮的性質,基督設立洗禮的目的,洗禮所施與並印證的特權和恩惠,以及我們受 洗時所發的莊重誓言(羅6:3-5);
(2) 要因我們的罪污,對洗禮之恩和承諾的虧負、背離而謙卑下來(林前1:11-13;羅6:2-3);
(3) 逐漸確信罪已蒙赦,以及其它在洗禮中所印證的各樣福分(羅4:11-12;彼前3:21);
(4) 從基督的受死與復活中吸取力量,我們受洗是歸入祂,為要我們治死罪,在恩典裡甦醒(羅6:3-5);
(5) 努力靠信心生活(加3:26-27),行事為人 聖潔公義(羅6:22),正如那些在洗禮中把自己的名字交託給基督的人一樣(徒2:38);
(6) 弟兄姊妹彼此相愛,因為我們由同一聖靈受洗,歸入同一身體(林前12:13,25-27)。
八十一.聖餐
168問:聖餐是什麼?
答:聖餐是新約的聖禮。我們在其中照耶穌基督的吩咐,分發並領受餅酒, 祂的受死在其中顯明出來(路22:20)。
(1) 那些按理領受的人吃喝祂的體與血,得屬靈的滋養,在恩典中長進(太26:26-28;林前11:23-26);
(2) 他們與基督的聯合和交通得以堅固(林前10:16);
(3) 作為奧秘身體的肢體,他們的感恩(林前11:24)、與上帝的聖約(林 前10:14-16,21)、彼此之間的愛與團契,都得以見證並更新(林前10:17)。
169問:基督如何指定在聖餐中分發餅酒?
答:基督指定牧者,在施行聖餐這一聖禮之中,藉著宣讀設立聖餐的話,感 恩,並禱告,把餅酒從通常的用途中分別出來;拿起餅來,掰開,把餅與酒都分發給領受者,他們也同樣根據基督的吩咐,拿起餅來吃下,再喝那酒,以感恩的心記 念基督的身體為他們而捨,基督的寶血為他們而流(林前11:23-24;太26:26-28;可14:22-24;路22:19-20)。
170問:在聖餐中,那些按理領受的人如何 吃喝基督的體與血呢?
答:在聖餐中,
(1) 基督的體與血並非屬物質地或屬肉體地臨在於餅酒之中,也不是與餅酒同在,也不是在餅酒之下(徒3:21),而是對於領受者的信心而言,有屬靈的臨在,這種臨在的真實性正如餅酒本身對於他們的外部感官的真實 性一樣(太26:26,28);
(2) 所以,那些在聖餐中按理領受的人,確實在其中吃喝基督的體與血,並不是以物質的屬肉體的方式,而是 以屬靈的方式;
(3) 他們雖是藉著信心,卻也是真實地(林前11:24-29)領受釘十字架的基督,以及祂受死的一切恩惠,並運用在自己的生活中(林前10:16)。
171問:在來領受聖餐之前,那些來領受的 人應當怎樣預備自己?
答:在來領受聖餐之前,那些來領受的人,
(1) 應當省察自己(林前11:28)是否在基督裡面(林後13:5);
(2) 省察自己的罪和虧欠(林 前5:7,比較出12:15);
(3) 省察自己的知識(林 前11:29)、信 心(林前13:5;太26:28)和悔改(亞12:10;林前11:31)的 真實性和程度;
(4) 省察自己對上帝的愛,對弟兄的愛(林前10:16-17;徒2:46-47),對眾人的愛(林前5:8;11:18,20), 是否饒恕了那些得罪自己的人(太5:23-24);
(5) 省察自己是否渴慕基督(賽55:1;約7:37);
(6) 省察自己是否有新順服(林 前5:7-8);
(7) 重新操練這些美德(林 前11:25-26,28;來10:21,22,24;詩26:6),認真默想(林前11:24-25),恆切禱 告(代下30:18-19;太 26:26)。
172問:懷疑自己不在基督裡,或者懷疑自 己沒有作好正當的預備,這樣的人可以來
領受聖餐嗎?
答:懷疑自己不在基督裡,或者懷疑自己沒有為領受聖餐作好正當的預備,
(1) 這樣的人或許是真的與基督有份,雖然他們對此還沒有達到確信(賽1:10;約壹5:13;詩88;77:1-12;拿 2:4,7);
(2) 如果他們真的是出於此種憂慮而受到影響(賽54:7-10;太5:3-4;詩 31:22;73:13,22-23),確實渴慕自己是在 基督裡(腓3:8-9;詩 10:17;42:1-2,5,11),並願意脫離罪惡(提後2:19;賽50:10;詩66:18-20),那麼,上帝就看他的確與基督有份;
(3) 而且,因為上帝的應許,以及祂設立這一聖禮的目的,就是要寬慰軟弱有疑心的基督徒(賽40:11,29,31;太 11:28;12:20;26:28)。
(4) 所以,在這種情況下,他要為自己的不信悲傷(可9:24),努力消除自己的懷疑(徒2:37;16:30);
(5) 這樣做之後,他可以並應當參加聖餐,使自己得以堅固(羅4:11;林前11:28)。
173問:是不是所有公開承認信仰,並想參 加聖餐的人,都可參加呢?
答:儘管公開認信,卻對真道無知妄解,肆意犯罪,這樣的人,雖想參加聖 餐,但教會根據基督賜給的權柄,可以並應當禁止他們參加聖餐(林前11:27-31,比較太7:6;林前5;猶23;提前5:22),直到他們接受教訓,有生命改變為止(林後2:7)。
174問:在聖餐這一聖禮施行的時候,對那 些領受的人有什麼要求?
答:那些領受聖餐的人,在聖餐施行期間,
(1) 要有至聖的敬畏之心,集中註意力,在這一蒙恩之道中等候上帝(利10:3;來12:28;詩5:7;林前 11:17,26-27);
(2) 殷勤注視餅酒,並謹守聖餐的每一細節(出24:8,比較太26:28);
(3) 留心分辨主的身體(林 前11:29);
(4) 存愛心默想基督的受死和受苦(路22:19);
(5) 由此激勵自己,更加堅定地行出各樣的美德(林前11:26;10:3-5,11,14);
(6) 省察自己(林前11:31),為罪憂傷(亞12:10);
(7) 切切地渴慕基督(啟22:17),藉著信心吃喝 祂(約6:35),領受祂的豐盛(約1:16),信靠祂的功德(腓3:9),在祂的大愛中歡喜(詩63:4-5;代下30:21),感謝祂的恩典(詩22:26);
(8) 更新他們與上帝的聖約(耶50:5;詩50:5),並 更新對眾聖徒的愛(徒2:42)。
175問:在領受聖餐之後,基督徒有什麼責 任?
答:在領受聖餐之後,基督徒有責任認真地思考:
(1) 他們在領受聖餐時是怎樣行的,是否得到益處(詩28:7;85:8;林前11:17,30-31);
(2) 若是得到鼓勵和安慰,就要為此而讚美上帝(代下30:21-23,25-26;徒 2:42,46-47),求上帝繼續施恩(詩36:10;歌3:4;代上29:18),保持警醒,免得退步(林 前10:3-5,12),完成自己所許的願(詩50:14),勉勵自己常常參 加聖餐(林前11:25-26;徒 2:42,46);
(3) 如果發現未得到什麼恩惠,就要更加仔細地省察自己對聖餐的預備,和參加聖餐時的舉動(歌5:1-6;傳5:1-6);
(4) 在這兩種情況下,如果他們對得起上帝和自己的良知,就當等待,在所定的時候,必得著其中的果子(詩123:1-2;42:5,8;43:3-5);
(5) 但是,如果他們在某個方面沒有做到,就當謙卑下來(代下30:18-19;賽1:16,18),並在以後的日子更加慎重、殷勤地參加聖餐(林後7:11;代上15:12-14)。
八十二.洗禮和聖餐的異同
176問:洗禮和聖餐有什麼共同的地方?
答:洗禮和聖餐的共同之處在於:
(1) 二者都是由上帝設立的(太28:19;林前11:23);
(2) 其屬靈的方面都是基督和祂的恩惠(羅6:3-4;林前10:16);
(3) 都是同一恩典之約的印記(羅4:11,比較西2:12;太26:27-28);
(4) 都由牧者施行,其他任何人都不得施行(約1:33;太28:19;林前11:23;林前4:1;來 5:4);
(5) 都要在基督的教會中一直延續下去,直到祂再來(太28:19-20;林前11:26)。
177問:洗禮和聖餐有何不同之處?
答:洗禮和聖餐的不同之處在於:
(1) 洗禮只施行一次,是用水施洗,作為我們重生並與基督聯合的標記和印證(太3:11;多3:5;加3:27),並且對嬰兒來說也是如此(創17:7,9;徒2:38-39;林前7:14);
(2) 聖餐則是經常施行的,是用餅與酒,來代表並顯明基督就是靈魂屬靈的滋養(林前11:23-26),堅固我們在祂裡面繼續成長(林前10:16),並且只有年齡和能力達到能夠自我省察的人才可領受(林前11:28-29)。
八十三.禱告與蒙恩之道
178問:禱告是什麼?
答:禱告就是奉基督之名(約16:23),藉著聖靈的幫助(羅8:26),把我們的願望呈 給上帝(詩62:8);承認我們的罪(詩32:5-6;但9:4), 並以感恩的心承認祂的憐憫(腓4:6)。
八十四.當向誰禱告
179問:我們只當向上帝禱告嗎?
答:是的。
(1) 惟獨上帝鑑察人心(王 上8:39;徒1:24;羅8:27),垂聽呼求(詩65:2),赦免諸罪(彌7:18),並滿足眾人各樣的心願(詩145:18-19);
(2) 並且惟獨上帝是可信的(羅10:14),惟獨祂值得崇 拜(太4:10);
(3) 因為禱告也是崇拜的一個特別部分(林前1:2),所以,只可向祂禱告(詩50:15),不可向其他任何 存在者禱告(羅10:14)。
八十五.當奉誰的名禱告
180問:“奉基督的名禱告”是什麼意思?
答:“奉基督的名禱告”就是:
(1) 為了順服祂的吩咐,因為確信祂的應許,就為基督的緣故請求憐憫(約14:13-14;16:24;但9:17);
(2) 不是空空地提及祂的名字(太7:21),而是從基督和祂中保的職分,得鼓勵去禱告,並在禱告時,從中得勇氣,得力量,得禱告蒙悅納的盼望(來4:14-16;約壹5:13-15)。
181問:為什麼我們要奉基督的名禱告?
答:(1)因為人的罪性,以及 因此而導致的與上帝的疏離,是如此之大,不借助一位中保,我們就無法來到上帝的面前(約14:6;賽59:2;弗3:12);
(2)這一榮耀的工作,除了基 督之外,天上地下無人擔任,無人適合(約6:27;來7:25-27;提前2:5),所以我們不可奉任何人的名字禱告,而是惟獨奉祂的名禱告(西3:17;來13:15)。
八十六.聖靈幫助我們禱告
182問:聖靈怎樣幫助我們禱告?
答:(1)我們本不曉得當怎樣 禱告,聖靈幫助我們的軟弱,使我們能夠明白為誰禱告,禱告什麼,如何禱告;
(2)祂又在我們的心中運行, 使我們的心靈甦醒(雖然程度並不是在所有人的心中,在所有的時候都是一樣),使我們有完成這一本分所需要的悟性、感情和美德(羅8:26-27;詩10:17;亞12:10)。
八十七.當為誰禱告
183問:我們當為誰禱告?
答:我們當:
(1) 為基督在地上的整個教會禱告(弗6:18;詩28:9);
(2) 為公民政府的長官(提 前2:1-2), 為牧者(西4:3)禱告;
(3) 為我們自己(創32:11),為我們的弟兄(雅5:16),也為我們的敵人禱告(太5:44);
(4) 為各種活著的人(提 前2:1-2), 也為將要來到這個世界的人禱告(約17:20; 撒下7:29);
(5) 但是,不可為死人禱告(撒 下12:21-23),也不可為那些已經知道犯了至於死的罪的人禱告(約壹5:16)。
八十八.當為何事禱告
184問:我們當為何事禱告?
答:我們當為一切使上帝得榮耀(太6:9),教會得益處(詩51:18;122:6), 我們自身(太7:11)或他人(詩125:4)得益處的事禱 告;但不應為違背上帝律法的事禱告(約壹5:14)。
八十九.當怎樣禱告
185問:我們當怎樣禱告?
答:我們禱告時,
(1) 要深深曉得上帝的威嚴(傳5:1);
(2) 深深明了自己的不配(創18:27;32:10)、 需要(路15:17-19)和罪過(路18:13-14);
(3) 要以悔改的心(詩51:17)、感恩的心(腓4:6)、寬 廣的心(撒上1:15;2:1)禱告;
(4) 要以悟性(林前14:15)、信心(可11:24;雅1:6)禱告,真誠(詩145:18;17:1)、 懇切(雅5:16),有愛心(提前2:8),有恆心(弗6:18),等候上帝(彌7:7),並謙卑地降服於祂 的旨意之下(太26:39)。
九十.禱告的準則
186問:為要盡禱告的本分,上帝賜給了我 們什麼準則?
答:(1)上帝所有的聖言都是 用於指導我們盡禱告本分的(約壹5:14);
(2)特別的指導準則,則是我 們的救主基督教導門徒禱告時所用的禱告形式,亦即通常所稱的主禱文(太6:9-13;路11:2-4)。
187問:如何使用主禱文?
答:(1)主禱文不僅有指導作 用,它作為一個禱告的模式,我們可以依此作其它的禱告;
(2)它本身也可作為一個禱告 來使用,只要以悟性、信心、敬畏和其它所必需的美德,來正確地盡禱告的本分,就可以如此地禱告(太6:9,比較路11:2)。
188問:主禱文分幾個部分?
答:主禱文分三個部分:序言、祈求和結束。
九十一.主禱文的序言
189問:主禱文的序言教訓我們什麼?
答:主禱文的序言是:“我們在 天上的父”(太6:9)。這教訓我們,
(1) 當禱告的時候,我們要就近上帝,確信祂父般的慈愛,而且我們與祂這種慈愛有份(路11:13;羅8:15);
(2) 要有敬畏之心,以及其它各種孩子般的性情(賽64:9)、屬天的情感(詩123:1;哀3:41), 並對祂的主權、威嚴和恩惠的臨在有正確的認識(賽63:15-16;尼1:4-6);
(3) 同時,也教訓我們要與他人一起禱告,並為他人禱告(徒12:5)。
九十二.主禱文六大祈求
190問:我們在第一祈求中求什麼?
答:我們在第一祈求“願人都尊祢的名為聖”中(太6:9),承認我們自身以及其他所有的人,既沒有能力,也不願意正確地榮耀上帝,(林後3:5;詩51:15),因此我們,
(1) 祈求上帝,藉著祂的恩典使我們和他人都能夠並且喜歡認識、承認、並高度尊崇祂(詩67:2-3)、祂的尊稱(詩83:18)、屬性(詩86:10-13,15)、蒙恩之道、話語(帖 後3:1;詩147:19-20;138:1-3;林後2:14-15)和作為,以及祂樂意用於顯明自身的一切(詩145;8);
(2) 為了使我們能夠在心思、言語(詩103:1;19:14),和行為(腓1:9,11)上榮耀祂,求 祂攔阻、消除無神論(詩67:1-4)、無知(弗1:17-18)、偶像崇拜(詩97:7)、褻瀆(詩74:18,22-23), 以及一切不榮耀祂的事(王下19:15-16);
(3) 並求祂藉其統管萬有的護理,引導並安排萬事,使祂自己得榮耀(代下20:6,10-12;詩83;140:4,8)。
191問:我們在第二祈求中求什麼?
答:我們在第二祈求“願祢的國降臨”中(太6:10),承認我們自身和全人類生來都處在罪惡和撒但的轄制之下(弗2:2-3),因此我們,
(1) 祈求上帝使罪惡和撒但的國度毀滅(詩68:1,18;啟12:10―11),福音在全世界得以廣傳(帖 後3:1),猶太 人被呼召(羅10:1),外邦人的數目添滿了(約17:9,20;羅11:25-26;詩67);
(2) 祈求上帝使教會裝備有各樣的聖職人員和蒙恩之道(太9:38;帖後3:1),清除一切的腐敗(太1:11;番3:9),得到 公民政府的支持和保護(提前2:1-2);
(3) 祈求上帝使基督的蒙恩之道得以純正地施行,有效地使那些仍在罪中的人悔改歸正,使那些已經悔改歸正 的人得堅固、安慰和建造(徒4:29-30; 弗6:18-20;羅15:29-30,32;帖後1:11;2:16-17);
(4) 祈求上帝使基督此時此地就在我們的心中掌權(弗3:14-20),使祂的再來,以及我們與祂一同永遠作王快快臨到(啟22:20);
(5) 祈求祂按自己的美意在世上行使祂的權柄,盡善盡美地成就這些目的(賽64:1-2;啟4:8-11)。
192問:我們在第三祈求中求什麼?
答:我們在第三祈求“願祢的旨意行在天上,如同行在地上”中(太6:10),承認我們和所有的人,天生就完全不能也不願意認識並遵行上帝的旨意(羅7:18;伯21:14;林前2:14),而且傾向於悖逆祂的聖言(羅8:7),對上帝的護理牢騷滿腹(出17:7;民14:2),一心 想成就肉體和魔鬼的旨意(弗2:2),所以我們禱告,
(1) 祈求上帝藉著祂的聖靈,除掉我們自身和他人的所有盲目(弗1:17-18)、軟弱(弗3:16)、不情願(太26:40-41),和心靈的悖逆(耶31:18-19);
(2) 祈求上帝藉著祂的恩典,使我們能夠並且願意在所有的事情上(詩119:1,8,35-36;徒21:14),都如天使在天上所作的那樣(賽6:2-3;詩103:20-21;太18:10),謙卑(彌6:8)、喜樂(詩100:2;伯1:21;撒下15:25-26)、誠實(賽38:3)、勤勉(詩119:4-5)、熱情(羅12:11)、真誠(詩119:80)、持久(詩119:112)地去認識、 遵行、順服上帝的旨意。
193問:我們在第四祈求中求什麼?
答:在第四祈求“我們日用的飲食,今日賜給我們”中(太6:11),我們承認在亞當
裡,並因著我們自己的罪,喪失了享用今生所有外界福分的權利,這些權利理當被上帝全部剝奪,而且我們 在享用這些外界福分時,它們對我們而言都當成為受咒詛的東西(創2:17;3:17;羅8:20-22;耶5:25;申28:15-68);它們本身並不能維繫我們的生命(申8:3),我們自己也無功勞可居(創32:10),而且靠我們自己 的辛勞也無法取得它們(申8:17-18);但我們都傾向於違背上帝的律法,追求(耶6:13;可7:21-22)、獲取(何12:7)、享用這些福分(雅4:3);因此我們為我們自身和他人禱告,
(1) 求上帝使他們和我們等候上帝的護理,天天用合乎上帝律法的手段,靠祂白白的恩賜,按祂父般的智慧所 看為最合適的,享受足夠的部分(創43:12-14; 創28:20;弗4:28;帖後3:11-12;腓4:6);
(2) 求上帝繼續如此地祝福我們,使我們藉著聖潔、舒適地享用這些福分(提前4:3-5),並有知足之心而得福(提 前6:6-8);
(3) 求上帝使我們離開一切不利於今生養身和舒適的事物(箴30:8-9)。
194問:我們在第五祈求中求什麼?
答:在第五祈求“免我們的債,如同我們免了人的債”中(太6:12),我們承認我們和其他所有人都有原罪和本罪的罪咎,因此對上帝的公義欠了債,而且不管是我們自己,還 是其他任何受造物,都絲毫不能補償此債(羅3:9-22;太18:24-25;詩130:3-4);因此,我們為我們自身和他人禱告,
(1) 祈求上帝出於祂白白的恩典,藉著基督的順服和補償,由信心領悟並應用,免除罪給我們帶來的罪咎和懲 罰(羅3:24-26;來 9:22),在祂的愛子中接納我們(弗1:6-7);
(2) 並祈求上帝繼續恩待我們(彼後1:2),饒恕我們天天的失敗(何14:2;耶14:7),用平 安和喜樂充滿我們,天天賜給我們更大的罪得赦免的確信(羅15:13;詩51:7-10,12);
(3) 當我們內心擁有此種印證,發自內心地饒恕他人的過犯時(路11:4;太6:14-15;太18:35),聖經就鼓勵我們這樣祈求,並鼓勵我們如此期望。
195問:我們在第六祈求中求什麼?
答:在第六祈求“不叫我們遇見試探,救我們脫離兇惡”中(太6:13),我們承認,至智、至義、至慈的上帝,為了各種聖潔與公義的目的,或許吩咐萬有,使我們受打擊,遭挫 折,一時陷於試探之中(代下32:31);撒但(代上21:1)、世界(路21:34;可4:19)和肉體,時刻準備用力把我們拉到一邊,陷害我們(雅1:14);即使在我們罪得赦免之後,由於我們自身的敗壞(加5:17)、軟弱,不夠警醒(太26:41),不僅易受試 探,動輒就把自己暴露於試探之下(太26:69-72; 加2:11-14;代下18:3,比較代下19:2),而 且我們自身沒有能力,也不願意抵擋試探,脫離試探,善用試探(羅7:23-24;代上21:1-4;代下16:7-10);理當被棄置於試探的權勢之下(詩81:11-12)。所以,我們禱告,
(1) 祈求上帝制伏世界和其中的一切(約17:15),征服肉體(詩51:10;119:133),遏制撒但(林後12:7-8),治理萬有(林前10:12-13),賜下並祝福各樣蒙恩之道(來13:20-21),激勵我們警醒善用,使我們和祂一切的子民,藉著祂的護理蒙保守,不至受試探犯罪(太26:41;詩19:13);即使受到試探,也求主藉著祂的聖靈使我們得到強有力的扶持,能夠在受試探的時候站立得穩(弗3:14-17;帖前3:13;猶24);
(2) 祈求上帝使我們即使跌倒,也再次站起,恢復過來(詩51:12),並予以善用,從中得益(彼 前5:8-10), 使我們的成聖和救贖得以完全(林後13:7,9),使撒但被踐踏在我們的腳下(羅16:20;亞3:2;路22:31-32),使我們完全從罪、試探及一切的邪惡中得釋放,直到永遠(約17:15;帖前5:23)。
九十三.主禱文結語
196問:在主禱文的結語中,教訓我們什 麼?
答:在主禱文的結語“因為國度,權柄,榮耀,全是祢的,直到永遠”中(太6:13),教訓我們:
(1) 用論理的方式加強我們的祈求(羅15:30),這些理由並不是因為我們自身或其它任何受造物有何價值,而是出於上帝(但9:4,7-9,16-19);
(2) 也教訓我們,在禱告中要讚美上帝(腓4:6),把永恆的主權、全能,與榮耀的尊稱惟獨歸於祂(代上29:10-13);
(3) 因為祂能夠並且願意幫助我們(弗3:20-21;路11:13),所以,藉著信心,我們要坦然無懼地向祂祈求(代下20:6,11),安靜地依靠祂,相信祂會成全我們的祈求(代下14:11)。
(4) 為了表明這是我們的心願,並是我們所確信的,我們就說“阿們”(林前14:16;啟22:20-21)。
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